李 景 祥
2020.7.16
一、面目:
非限制性定语从句是个什么东东?我们先来看一下非限制性定语从句的样子吧。
My sister, who is a teacher, always encourages me to study hard.
这个句子中,who is a teacher就是一个非限制性定语从句,通过与定语从句的对比,我们来分析一下它到底有什么特点。
1、非限制性定语从句有逗号。
这是它最大的特点,从句与主句用逗号分隔开了。从这一点来看,非限制性丁从句也很好识别。也可以把这种特征理解成“非限制性”这个说法的由来吧。主语与从句隔开了,形式上两者
成了并列关系,反而看不出修饰限制的关系。从句子翻译的角度来看,非限制性定语从句,一般可以单独翻译出来,让它成为一个句子,和主句并列摆放,而定语从句翻译出来,通常是“(从句内容)……的…… (被修饰的名词)”。
My sister who is a teacher always encourages me to study hard.
(限制性定语从句,我那当老师的总是鼓励我努力学习)
限制性从句My sister, who is a teacher, always encourages me to study hard.
(非限制性定语从句,我的,她是个老师,总是鼓励我努力学习)
2、修饰对象不同。
非限制性定语从句,是定语从句的一种特殊类型,它在整个句子中也起修饰作用,但限制性定语从句只能修饰从句前面的那个名词,而非限制性定语从句,除了可以修饰它前面的名词,还可以修饰它前面的整个句子,或句子的部分内容,这是它非常重要的一个作用。如:
My sister always hits me, which makes me unhappy. (上面那个例子中which 引导的从句修
饰my sister这个名词,但这个例子中,which引导的从句不再具体修饰哪个名词,而是指代了它前面整个句子,把which的含义翻译出来,就是“这件事……”,指的就是前面总是打我那件事)
3、关系词使用不同。
在限制性定语从句中,先行词是人、物或事情时,关系代词都可以用that;而非限制性定语从句绝对不可以用that引导,这也是它很明显的一个特征,。
二、类别
(1) who引导的非限制性定语从句
关系代词whom用于指人,在句中作主语。
Our guide,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.
我们的向导,一个法裔加拿大人,擅长于烹调。
Then he met Mary,who invited him to a party.
后来他遇到玛丽,玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。
My gardener,who is very pessimistic,says that there will be no apples this year.
我家的园丁非常悲观,他说今年将不结苹果。
(2) whom引导的非限制性定语从句
关系代词whom用于指人,在句中作动词或介词宾语,作介词宾语时,介词可位于句末;而介词与从句谓语动词构成了不可分割的短语动词,则只能跟在从句动词之后。在这种情况下,whom也可换作who。如:
Peter, whom you meet in London, is now back in Paris.
彼得现在回巴黎了,你在伦敦见过他。
Mr Smith,from whom I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.
史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家,我从他那儿学了许多东西。
The boy, whom/who I am looking for, is from abroad.
我在的那个男孩儿来自国外。
(3) whose引导的非限制性定语从句
whose是关系代词who的所有格形式,在从句中作定语。whose通常指人,也可指动物或无生命的事物。如:
The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.
那位小男孩学习很努力,他的父亲是位工程师。
Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.
在树林的高处是山,其壮丽的景完全映照在河面上。
The play,whose style is rigidly formal,is typical of the period.
这剧本是那个时期的典型作品,风格拘谨刻板。
(4) which引导的非限制性定语从句
关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句,在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。
① which指代主句中的名词,被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的
集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。如:
These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.
这些苹果树是我三年前栽的,还没有结过果实。
She is an artist,which I am not.
她是一位艺术家,而我不是。
Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.
水是一种清澈的液体,有许多用途。
The two policemen were completely trusted,which in fact they were.
那两个警察完全受到信任,事实上,也真是如此。
② which指代主句中的形容词。如:
She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.
她对孩子们很耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。
She is always careless,which we should not be.
她总是马虎大意,我们可不应该这样。
③ which指代主句中的某个从句。如:
He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.
他说以前从没见过她,这不是真的。
④ which指代整个主句。如:
In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.
在那么多人面前他有点紧张,这是可以理解的。
He may have acute appendicitis,in which case he will have to be operated on.
他可能得了急性盲肠炎,如果是这样,他就得动手术。
When deeply absorbed in work,which he often was,he would forget all about eating and sleeping.
他经常聚精会神地工作,这时他会废寝忘食。
(5) when引导的非限制性定语从句
关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语,指代主句中表示时间的词语。如:
He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.
他将把郊游推迟到5月1号,那时他将有空。
(6) where引导的非限制性定语从句
关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语,指代主句中表示地点的词语。如:
They went to London,where they lived for six months.
他们去了伦敦,在那儿呆了六个月的时间。
They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.
他们昨天抵达那里, 有一个关于销售的谈判在那儿举行。
(7) as引导的非限制性定语从句
as引出非限定性定语从句时,代替整个主句,对其进行说明。但通常用于像as we allaknow, as it is know, as is know to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned abo
ve, as is usual,
as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语,且引出的从句位置比较灵活,可位于句首或句末,也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……, 就像……”之意。 如:
As it known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
美国人都知道,马克?吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。(as在从句中作主语)
He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.
他忘了带笔,这是常事。(as在从句中作主语)
He is absorbed in work, as he often was.
他正在全神贯注地工作,他过去经常这样。(as在从句中作表语)
Boy as he was, he was chosen king.
他虽是孩子,却被选为国王。(as在从句中作表语)
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