初中英语语法English Grammar
宾语从句
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第十四章 宾语从句
宾语从句歌诀
宾语从句三姊妹thatif/whetherwh-/how展风采。
主从时态要一致陈述语序永不变。
陈述请你选that疑问需用if/whether连。
特殊问句作宾从原来问词不用换。
三关过后莫得意人称、标点需注意。
留意变脸的if/when从句的简化记心间。
一、三姊妹
宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型：
1. 由that引导的宾语从句。如：
We knew （that）we should learn from each other.
2. 由if/whether引导的宾语从句。如：
Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.
陈小春 3. 由whowherehow等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如：
Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office？
二、三关
1. 引导词关
言承旭个人资料 如果从句是陈述句引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；如果从句是一般疑问句引导词用if/whether；如果从句是特殊疑问句引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。
2. 语序关
①陈述句变为宾语从句语序不变即仍用陈述语序。如：
He is an honest boy. The teacher said. →The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy.
②一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句语序变为陈述语序。如：
Does he work hard？I wonder.→I wonder if/whether he works hard.
When did he leave？I don’t know. →I don’t know when he left.
3. 时态关
①如果主句是现在的时态从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如：
初一不能干什么 I have heard（that）he will come back next week.
②如果主句是过去的某种时态那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如：
He said（that）there were no classes yesterday.
注意：如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时不管主句是什么时态从句都要用一般现在时。如：
He said that light travels much faster than sound.
三、人称的变化和标点的使用
1. 从句的主语如果是第一人称变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称不用变化。如：
“May I use your knife？”He asked me. →He asked me if he might use my knife.
“Do you know her telephone number？”He asked me. →He asked me if I know her telephone number.
2. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句用句号；主句是疑问句用问号。如：
山东济南旅游景点 Who will give us a talk？I don’t know. →I don’t know who will give us a talk.
Do you know？Where does he live？→Do you know where he lives？
四、两副面孔
if和when既能引导时间状语从句又能引导宾语从句。因此遇到它们就要认真分析一下它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如：
If it rains tomorrowI won’t come.（时间状语从句）
汽车牌照螺丝 I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. （宾语从句）
五、从句的简化
1. 当主句谓语动词是findseewatchhear等感官动词时从句常简化为“宾语＋宾补”结构宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：
She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground. →She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.
2. 当主句谓语动词是hopewishdecideforgetplanagree等且主句主语与从句主语相同时从句可简化为不定式结构。如：
She agreed that she could help me with my maths. →She agreed to help me with my maths.
3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词＋不定式”结构。如：
Can you tell me how I can get to the station？→Can you tell me how to get to the station？
一、如何变人称：
学生在将直接引语变间接引语时。常常弄不清人称变化。下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
学生在将直接引语变间接引语时。常常弄不清人称变化。下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。二、如何变时态：
直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。
现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时时态一般不变化。
直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。
现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时时态不变。如：
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语变为间接引语时时态不变。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作变间接引语时态不变。如：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。玛雅人的预言三、如何变状语：
直接引语变间接引语状语变化有其内在规津时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语尤其表示方向性的或用指示代词修饰的状语由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。玛雅人的预言三、如何变状语：
直接引语变间接引语状语变化有其内在规津时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语尤其表示方向性的或用指示代词修饰的状语由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
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