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名师分享高考英语语法热点：动词不定式
特约教师：张根生
张根生，河南省新密市实验高级中学教师，中学高级教师。中国教师研修网学科指导专家；河南省骨干教师、河南省名师、河南省高中学业水平考试阅卷指导专家；郑州市优秀教师、郑州市教育工作者标兵、郑州市专业技术拔尖人才；新密市领军人才、新密市教育名家。
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一、研究高考 明确考情
1
语法填空
1.（2019全国卷Ⅰ）Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive      (perform) consistently over a large area.
答案及与解析：to perform  考查动词不定式。该句为 “be + 形容词 + 不定式” 结构，在该结构中，不定式用主动形式表达被动意义，主语 methods 与谓语动词 perform 为被动关系，但需用不定式的主动式作状语。
2.（2019全国卷 II）Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans         (retire) from her 36-year-old business. 
答案与解析：to retire考查动词不定式。名词 plan 后接不定式作后置定语。
3.（2019全国卷Ⅲ）On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take          (get) there.
答案与解析：to get  考查动词不定式。分析句子结构可知，本题考查it takes + 时间段 + to do sth. 句型，it 作形式主语，动词不定式作真正的主语。
4.（2019浙江卷）But some students didn’t want        (wear) the uniform.
答案与解析：to wear考查动词不定式。want 后通常接不定式作宾语。
5. （2018年全国卷 I）You don’t have to run fast or for long        (see) the benefit.
玉石鉴别方法
答案与解析：to see考查动词不定式。 根据句意 “要见到效果，你不必快跑或长时间地跑”,  to see 作目的状语。
6.（2018全国卷 II ）Another reason for corn’s rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice          (improve) water quality. 
答案与解析：to improve  考查动词不定式。根据语境 “改善水质” 是 “政府鼓励农民种玉米而不种水稻”的目的，动词不定式作目的状语。
7.（2018全国卷 III）Once his message was delivered, he allowed me      (stay) and watch. 
答案与解析：to stay   考查动词不定式。allow sb to do sth是固定结构，意为 “允许某人做某事”，因此应填 to stay。
8.（2017全国卷 I）Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required           (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
答案与解析：to process考查动词不定式。根据语境“需要它们（脂肪和盐）来处理食物” 可知，此处应用be required to do sth.结构。
9.（2017全国卷 III）But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants          (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
答案与解析：to prove考查动词不定式。want 后通常接不定式 to do sth。
10.（2017浙江卷）Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring        (cook) a meal. 
答案与解析：to cook  考查动词不定式。由语意“Pahlsson 摘掉戒指，去做饭”可知，不定式短语作目的状语。
2
短文改错
1.（2019全国卷Ⅲ） I want my café have a special theme such as “Tang Dynasty”.
答案与解析：have前加to  考查want sb. to do sth.结构。
2.（2018全国卷Ⅱ）I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not let me.
答案与解析：watching→ watch 考查ask to do sth.结构。
曝林峯求婚张馨月3.（2018全国卷Ⅲ）Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious.
赴汤蹈火的蹈是什么意思答案与解析：take前加to  考查be eager to do sth.结构。
4.（2017全国卷Ⅱ） When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
答案与解析：pick前加to  考查invite sb. to do sth.结构。
命题分析：动词不定式考查点有：不定式作主语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语，其中对不定式作状语的考查是重中之重，对不定式考查的形式主要是主动语态的一般式。
二、吃透考点 抓住关键
1
考点1：不定式的形式和意义
2
考点2：动词不定式（短语）作主语
动词不定式做主语时的常见句型：
倪妮井柏然分手1) It is +n. + to do sth.
例如：最新娱乐新闻
It’s our duty to take good of the old.
照顾老人是我们的责任。
2）It is + adj. + sb. to do sth. 意思是“某人做某事是……”（句中形容词是kind, nice, clever, wise, honest, stupid, careless等，表示人的性格特征）。
例如：
It’s kind of you to help me.
你帮了我忙，你真好。
3) It is + adj. +for sb. to do sth.意思是“对某人来说做某事是……”（句中形容词是easy, difficult, hard, important, impossible, necessary之类，表示客观情况）。
例如：
It’s not easy for me to write such an article.对我来说，写出这样一篇文章并不容易。
4) It takes (sb.) some time to do sth. 做某事花费（某人）某段时间。
例如：
It took me half an hour to finish the job.我花了半个小时把这活干完了。