6大奇招快速“破译”长难句
长难句即包含各种语法关系和多种句子结构的句子。英语中长句较多,因为英语可以有后置定语,扩展的后置定语可以是带从句或较长修饰语的复杂结构。但是,无论多长的句子,多么复杂的结构,它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。只要弄清句子的结构,出整个句子的中心成分,弄清各层意思并分析出各层意思之间的逻辑关系,就可轻松掌握句子意思,进而理解全文。
高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均是原汁原味的英语文章。这些文章生词量大,篇幅长,信息量大,里面含有大量的结构较为复杂的句子。对语法、句法掌握得不好的考生很难理清头绪,这就直接影响考生对短文内容的理解。正确理解长难句是考生做好阅读理解题的关键。
1.寻谓语动词
到了谓语动词,这就说明有句子存在。寻谓语动词很简单,有时态变化的动词就一定是谓语动词。然后,顺着谓语动词往前,如果有连接词存在,就说明这个谓语动词所在的句子是一个从句,再根据句子成分判断这个句子是哪种从句。
如果顺着谓语动词往前,没有连接词存在,这就说明这个动词是主句的谓语动词,那它的前面就是主语,其后面就应该是宾语或表语。
2.寻并列连词
常见的并列连词有and, but, yet, or, so, for, , , .有这些单词或短语的地方,一般就有并列结构存在,并且很有可能存在省略问题。
如:He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill, in Bedfordshire, and thought that he must have buried the hare in a place he knew well, but he still could not see the connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill Park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773.
此句长达65词,结构比较复杂,是一个并列复合句。该并列复合句中含有三个宾语从句、一个定语从句和一个状语从句。在并列复合句中,but把前后两个分句连接起来,前一个分句中的found out和thought是两个并列谓语,它们后面各有一个that引导的宾语从句,
其中thought后的宾语从句中含有一个定语从句"he knew well"。后一个分句中有一个until 引导的时间状语从句,该时间状语从句中有came across和learnt两个并列谓语。
3.寻引导词
一般来说,从句是由连接词来引导的,所以到连接词就到了从句,再根据连接词前的单词确定其
是什么从句。
如:Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
连接词已经标出,which 前面是名词determinism,并且which在从句中作主语,显然这是which引导的定语从句,修饰其前的名词。第二个连接词that 前面是实义动词state,所以这是个宾语从句。最后的连接词that 前有并列连词and,显然这两个that 从句是并列的宾语从句。所以该句是个简单的主谓宾结构,宾语后存在一个定语从句,定语从句中又有两个并列的宾语从句。
4.寻名词
一般来说,在长句中,名词后只要不是谓语动词,其后一般都有修饰限定成分或解释说明性的内容,即定语或同位语。也就是说,考生只要能确定名词后不是谓语动词,就可确定其后的内容是用来修饰或解释前面的名词的。
如:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world, to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
分析各个名词。名词Pearson 后的has pieced together显然是谓语;名词work 后面的of短语显然是修饰work 的;名词researchers后也有修饰成分;名词calendar 后的从句也是修饰该名词的;最后,两个并列名词breakthroughs和discoveries后的不定式[JP3]仍然是修饰这两个名词的。这样句子的主干就显示出来了:Pearson has pieced together the work to produce a calendar.
5.寻动词不定式或分词
动词在句中一般作谓语,若不作谓语,就可能在句中以分词、动名词或不定式的形式出陈自瑶正式向蔡思贝“宣战”
现。
6.寻介词
有介词的句子一般都会有介词短语,在句子中充当表语、定语、状语等。
结构分析法
所谓结构分析法,就是通过语法分析,迅速弄清句子的结构,把握句子的基本框架。首先,判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句;其次,出句子的核心成分,弄清主语和谓语,再弄清句子的附属成分。
意阅读法
宋闵浩意阅读法就是把意义和语法结构上有关联的几个词或结构作为一个整体信息来理解的方法。此方法不仅有利于提高考生的阅读速度,而且有利于考生对句子的整体理解。
如: ①When two cars travelling at 30 mph hit each other, ②an unbelted driver would meet the windshield  ③with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of
10 meters.
①是状语从句,②是主句主干部分,③是介词短语作状语。这样,把整个句子划为3个
意,可以大大提高阅读速度。
【长难句实例分析】
第1组
【例1】He did call and I found out he had no job and that his family had used the very last of their money to pay for a week’s stay in a motel.
【分析】该句是一个由and连接的并列复合句。其中后一个分句中含有and连接的两个宾语从句,且and前的宾语从句的引导词that省略了。
句意:他的确打来了电话,我得知,他没有工作,全家人倾其所有才支付了在汽车
旅馆住一个星期的费用。
【例2】The home owner donated the house rent-free, only asking them to care for the lawn when it needed to be done.
【分析】该句是一个简单句。现在分词短语"asking them to "在句中作状语,且该部分状语中含有一个由when引导的时间状语从句。rent-free意为"免租金地,不收租金地",在句中作状语。
以后再遇见你请你先说你好>彭于晏 蔡依林句意:这家的主人贡献出自己的房子,还免除了房租,只要求他们在必要的时候打理一下草坪。
【例3】To my surprise, as these thoughts were going through my head, a woman  ahead of her softly whispered to the woman who didn’t look well, "Put your money away, and your groceries are on me."
【分析】该句是一个复合句。该句含有as引导的时间状语从句。主句中含有一个who引导的定语从句,修饰the woman,表示"对那个看起来气不太好的女士说话",后面接的直接引语表示所说的内容,直接引语是"祈使句+and+陈述句"结构。
句意:让我感到惊讶的是,就在这些想法在我脑海里闪过的时候,那个气不太好的女士前面的一位女士轻声对她说,"把你的钱收起来吧,你买东西的钱由我来付。"
【例4】Whatever you hope to grow, knowing some gardening basics will give you a much better chance of success.
【分析】该句是一个复合句,其中whatever引导让步状语从句;"knowing some gardening basics"是现在分词短语用作主句的主语。
句意:无论你希望种植什么,了解一些园艺基础知识会给你带来更多成功的机会。
【例5】I feel that when I hear someone has done drugs, even if it was in college, I view them in a co
mpletely different light —I now think of them as selfish persons.
【分析】本句含有一个that引导的宾语从句作feel的宾语。宾语从句里含有一个when引导的时间状语从句,"even if it was in college"作插入成分,最后用破折号引出一个并列句。
句意:我觉得,当我听说谁了,即使在我读大学的时候,我对他们的看法就不一样,我觉得他们是自私的人。
第2组
【例6】Curt Brennan’s job is to patrol forests in Pennsylvania, one state where timber rattlers are in trouble.(Paragraph 6, Passage 3)
【分析】该句是一个复合句。主句中的"Curt Brennan’s job"作主语,is是连系动词,"to  patrol forests"是表语,"in Pennsylvania"是状语;后面的"one state"是Pennsylvania 的同位语,该同位语后面跟一个由关系副词where引导的定语从句,该从句中介词短语in trouble用作表语。
dnf纯净的灵魂气息
句意:库尔特·布伦南的工作是在宾夕法尼亚的森林巡逻,在那个州响尾蛇遇到了麻烦。
【例7】You may be qualified to take part as a healthy adult volunteer if you are aged 18 or over and are willing to have your sleep patterns recorded.
【分析】该句是一个复合句。其中"as a healthy adult volunteer"作方式状语;if引导一个条件状语从句,从句中含有一个have sth. done结构,其中recorded用作宾语补足语。
句意:如果你年满18岁或更大一些,并且想记录你的睡眠模式,你就可以作为一个健康的成人志愿者而有资格参与这次志愿者活动。
【例8】I learned that she was burdened with elderly parents who needed her care, her own health problems, and an alcoholic husband she was thinking of leaving.
pdf电子书制作【分析】本句是一个复合句。句中有一个that引导的宾语从句,在宾语从句中有一个who引导的定语从句和省略了连接词的定语从句"she was thinking of leaving",这两个定语从句分别修饰parents与husband。
句意:我得知,她有需要她去照顾的年迈的双亲,自己的身体也不好,还有个酒鬼丈夫,她正想离开他,和他离婚。
【例9】"The device we designed puts the electrons with spin pointing in a particular direction according to the information we want to process, and then we transmit the  electrons to another place in the device but with the spin still surviving, and finally we are able to measure the spin direction via a voltage that they produce," Sinova explains.
【分析】该句的直接引语是由连词and连接的三个并列分句。其中第一个分句中定语从句"we designed"修饰device, "with "作electrons的定语,其中定语从句"we want to process"用来修饰information;第二个分句中"with the spin still surviving"