2021年第2期(总第49卷第360期）建筑节能（中英X)■特別关注No. 2 in 2021 (Total Vol.49,No. 360) Journal o f BEE Focus doi ： 10.3969/j.issn.2096-9422.2021.02.002
光储直柔，行走未来
(—
Photovoltaic, Energy-storage, Direct current, Flexibility (PED F) for
Building Electrification in FUTURE
(Interview with Dr. HAO Bin, team leader in Charge of the DC electrification in IBR Future Complex)
编辑：自您担任本刊编委起，行业对您的印象都是“暖通人”，请问是什么机缘您开始把研究方向由“暖通”转向了“电气”？
Editor：Your major has been impressive for us since you served as our editorial board member of the Journal of Building Energy Efficiency. We are interested and delighted to know when and why did you decide to change your focus from "HV&ACM to "Building Electrical Engineering”？
郝总:2014年，中美清洁能源联合研究中心建筑节能项目筹备进行时，江亿院士提出了直流建筑的概念。从个人多年求学、从业认知累积，虽谈不上是坚定的反对者，但内心还是很难接受这个概念的。更多的是江老师 说直流配电有什么好处，我就说交流技术有什么好处，或者辩论江老师说的好处不一定真能实现。
Dr. Hao：Academician Jiang Yi proposed the concept -Direct Current Building when the U. S. -China Clean Energy Research Center was preparing for the building energy efficiency project in 2014. Although I was not a firm opponent to the fresh concept, it was still difficult for me to accept his view immediately because of the accumulated and professional knowledge at that time. And I usually insisted on benefits of Alternating Current, or argued that the benefits that Pr. Jiang proposed may not be realized, while Pr. Jiang analyzed benefits of DC building.
从事建筑节能工作必然形成惯性思维一聚焦如何提高建筑能效，降低建筑能耗，再进一步利用可再生能 源抵消建筑能耗，这是职责所在。那时，我的主要研究方向是可再生能源建筑应用技术，发现太阳能光热系统在 实际工程应用中，有时候系统热损甚至超过用户的用热量，这也就直接导致在太阳能保证率很高的时候其系统 热水价格比电热水器的还要贵；与此同时我注意到了太阳能光伏技术在快速进步、迭代。研究过程中，一方面想 着如何提升太阳能热水系统的能效，另一方面想着太阳能光伏技术将是未来建筑中主要的可再生能源利用方 式，也许直流配电技术真的有用武之地？
Engaging in building energy efficiency will inevitably form inertial thinking -concentrating on how to improve building energy efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and utilizing the renewable energy deeply to offset energy consumption of buildings, which are building engineers’responsibility. At that time, my main research direction was renewable energy application for buildings. I found that the heat loss of solar thermal systems sometimes even exceeded the user' s heat consumption in actual engineering projects, which directly caused the hot water price to be more expensive than electric heaters *even when the solar fraction was high；Meanwhile, I noticed the rapid progress and iteration of photovoltaic technology. In the research process, on the one hand, I concentrated to improving the energy efficiency of solar water heating systems；On the other hand, I thought that photovoltaic application will be the main renewable energy in future. Maybe DC power distribution technology is really useful?
阴差阳错的是，抱着种种怀疑态度的我后来竟成为“夏热冬暖地区净零能耗建筑关键技术综合性工程示 范”子课题的负责人。课题中的一项重要内容就是开展直流配电技术的研究。课题团队经过努力建成了500平方米的直流建筑实验室。用“麻雀虽小，五脏俱全”来形容这个实验室，恰如其分。实验室中，光伏、储能、直流空调、直流照明、直流冰箱、直流风扇等实验技术应用样样俱全，一手实验数据获得精准记录。课题实践初 步证明直流配电技术的可行性，团队也圆满地完成了科研任务。
I became the person in charge of the sub-project of 44 Comprehensive Engineering Demonstration of Key Technologies for Net Zero Energy Buildings in Hot Summer and Warm Winter Areas" by chance, although with skepticism in DC building. An important part of the subject is to carry out research on DC power distribution. The project team built a 500 rrf DC building laboratory through hard work. Small as it is, the sparrow has all the vital organs, which is appropriate to describe this laboratory, because photovoltaic, energy storage, DC air conditioning, DC lighting, DC refrigerator, DC fan and other experimental technologies were all available, and the first-hand experimental data was accurately recorded. The project practice initially proved the feasibility of DC electrification in building, where the team also successfully completed the scientific research task.
真正的挑战始于2018年春节，我们向叶青院长汇报研究工作的进展后，公司经讨论决定在自建的未来大厦 拿出一栋楼开展直流配电技术应用。作为项目定案的重要决策人，真不知她当时哪来的勇气，也不知对于我们 的信任从何而来。现在想想，非常感恩她给予我们这样的机遇与挑战。未来大厦，净零能耗，绿三星，是一座 要真正投人使用的办公楼，丝毫的技术纰漏或闪失都不容发生。直流配电技术搞搞实验可以，但真正应用到实
)t fift I*!：龙.彳r未来-——U/深圳木来大W i t流W电技术炖川项I丨W队负说人郝娬
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做交直流混合系统！践中到底行不行？坦率地说，我们内心焦灼万分。团队在初设研讨阶段，几乎声音一致—
这样的态度，表面上仍能体现技术创新，本质上是要用交流配电技术兜底。
The real challenge began in the Spring Festival of 2018. The company decided to develop and utilize DC power distribution technology in one of the building of the self-built IBR Future Complex after discussion, following our progress report of the sub-project to President Ye Qing. As an important decision maker in the finalization of the project, the courage of President Ye and her trust in our team are the sound support. We are really grateful to her for giving us such opportunities and challenges. IBR Future Complex , with net zero energy consumption, certificated as China' s Three-Star Green Building Label, is an office building to be used, and any slightest technical fault or error is not allowed. DC power distribution can be experimented, but can it be applied in practice? Frankly speaking, we are deeply anxious. In the preliminary design stage, the team had almost the same voice：utilizing an AC/DC hybrid system! Then on the surface, technological innovation can still be reflected, but in essence, AC is the guarantee.
在犹豫的过程中，两个重要驱动力让项目落地得到了质的推进。一方面，我们的团队和南网深圳供电
局在 联合筹备申请国家重点研发计划“中低压供配电技术与示范”的项目。赵宇明博士在申报阶段就非常认真地组 织大家开展研究，由此形成了一定的理论基础与应用框架。另一方面，太阳能行业光伏技术效率大幅提高，成本 也在大幅下降，分布式太阳能光伏的春天近在眼前。
In the process of hesitation, the project was driven to promote and implement qualitatively by two important forces. First, our team cooperated with Shenzhen Power Supply Bureau of China Southern Power Grid on applying for the national key research and development program - “ Medium- and low-voltage power supply and distribution technology and demonstration project” •Dr. Zhao Yuming organized team members seriously to research during the applying stage. Then a certain theoretical basis and utilization framework were formed. Second, the efficiency of photovoltaic technology in the solar energy industry has greatly improved, and its cost has also fallen sharply, so the distributed solar photovoltaic will soon be popularized and utilized.深圳大厦
在追求技术科研创新工作中，不以明哲保身作为退路，往往就是最佳路线！团队下定决心，放弃交流配电，采用全直流配电建设未来大厦的未来。
In the technological innovation, NEVER adopt the attitude of keeping out of trouble and hoping not to be attacked by the difficulties, is often the best route!So the team abandoned AC power distribution and adopted DC power distribution to create the bright prospect of IBR Future Complex.
同行相见，确实有人问起，觉得我由“暖通”领域转战了“电气”领域，或许这就是开始吧！事实上，我个人从 未觉得我转行了，无论是“暖通”专业，还是“电气”专业，平心而论，都是建筑机电体系，本质上都是探索如何营 造舒适的建筑环境。从专业视角来讲，如果希望完成这项任务，需要暖通、强弱电、电力电子、电力系统等多专业 的融合与交叉，这就是任务本身的挑战性。
Some peers indeed felt that I switched from the UHV&AC" field to the 44 Building Electrification" field. Maybe this is the beginning! In fact, I personally never feel that I have changed careers. Whether it is “ HV&AC” major or “ Building Electrification” major, in all fairness, I need to work in conjunction with the building's electromechanical system, essentially exploring how to create a comfortable building environment. From the professional perspective, if you want to complete this task, you need the integration and intersection of HVAC, strong and weak electricity, power and electronics, and power systems, which are the challenge of the task itself.
“未来大厦”实施的过程中，中建西南院冯雅总不经意的一句话对于我们的团队是莫大鼓励！他说:“暖通 传热涉及三种方式且是三维的，电气没有那么难”。交流中得知，冯总作为国内重要的建筑热工、节能标准编制 专家原来是学习建筑电气专业出身。余遂心中窃喜，学“电气”者能将热工技术研究精湛，“暖通人”是不是也能 学好“电气”专业？事实上，自己知晓需要学习的知识、弥补的短板还真不少，但古人云“活到老学到老”！因此，与其说是转行，不如说是在行业创新的大势所趋下，不得不探索学习。
Pr. Feng Ya, from China Southwest Architectural Design and Research Institute Corp. Ltd. , encourage me greatly in the construction of “Future Complex” ！He said：41 The heat transfer of HVAC system involves three methods, which is three-dimensional, electricity design is not that difficult. 11During the communication, I learnt that Pr. Feng, as a well-known expert in compilation of building themial insulation and energy-saving standards, originally studied the major of building electricity in university many years ago.
I was encouraged - the expert who learnt “building electricity” can study thermal technology exquisitely，then I can also learn “building electricity” well，although my major is “HVAC” ！In fact, I know there are a lot of knowledge I need to learn and many shortcomings should be made up for. But the ancients said that 44Live and leamM!Therefore, it's my duty to explore and learn because of the general trend of building industry innovation, but not a change of career.
编辑：与传统建筑配电技术相比，直流建筑配电技术应用的最主要创新体现在哪里？
Editor：What is the main innovation of DC building compared with the traditional AC technology?
郝总：以往全直流建筑技术国内无人做过，也许这就是创新的开始。在此我想换个角度分享。从要干还没 开始干的那一刻起，被自己和大家经常问到的问题就是：为什么要直流？有什么好处？现在回想
起来，每一次的 答案都不尽相同，也许这就是科研带给大家的喜悦与动力。
Dr. Hao: There is not a DC building domestically before the IBR Future Complex. So the “Future Complex” maybe identified as the beginning of innovation. I' d like to share from another perspective. From the moment I was to do it, questions often asked by
Photovoltaic, Energy - storage %Direct current. Flexibility ( PEDF) for Building Electrification in FUTURE
myself and others included：Why do I/YOU want to construct the DC building? What is the benefit of DC building? Looking back now, my answer was different every time, but maybe this is the joy and motivation that scientific research brings to my team.
在建筑行业工作多年，做建筑节能工作最先想到的就是系统效率的提升。国内外的文献对于系统能效提升 的讨论非常多，但不同文献的结论大体相同，即直流配电系统较交流配电系统可节能5%~ 15%。因为新能源技 术所带来的电力资源是直流的，末端设备也是直流驱动的，不管是L E D照明，还是各种变频的空调、冰箱、洗衣 机，抑或是电脑、手机等小功率设备，直流设备无处不在，这样我们就可以省去很多的DC/A C和AC/D C转换设 备。事实上，我们很难到两个相同的交直流场景去做比对实验验证，当然用仿真的手段也是一种方法，如何更 加科学地做好比对也是一个研究方向。
I have engaged in the construction industry for many years, and the crucial task in building energy conservation for each project that FIRSTLY comes to mind is improving energy efficiency. There are many domestic and foreign literatures on improvement of system energy efficiency, and the conclusions of various literatures are roughly the same, that is, the DC power distribution system for building can save 5%to 15%of energy compared with the AC power distribution system. The power produced by renewable energy is DC, the terminal appliances are driven by DC also, for example LED lighting, various frequency air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines, and computers, mobile phones etc. Lots of DC/AC inverter and AC/DC converter will be saved. In fact, it is difficult for us to find two identical AC and DC scenarios for comparative experiments, so the simulation is an effective substitute method. And the scientific comparison is also a direction.
其次，想到的是应用直流配电系统时用户安全性和使用便捷性的提升。安全性提升涉及两个方面：i)由于 直流系统采用IT不接地的方式，或者准确地说是高阻接地，当发生人触碰到单极导线时不会形成回路，这种优 势在今天很多市政照明系统得到了广泛的应用;2)由于配电末端采用特低直流电压，如48V，即便发生人员触 碰，也不会有任何危险。在此欢迎感兴趣的同仁来我们的实验室体验。便捷性提升是指优化我们现在使用的绝 大多数末端电器设备，使其都是直流用电产品。大家背包里经常要携带各种电源适配器，就是那些各种方形或 长方形的小东西，当采用直流配电系统后，这些小配件就不
再是必备之物了。（注：字母I表示电源侧没有工作 接地或经过高阻抗接地；字母T表示负载侧电气设备进行接地保护。）
SECOND, the safety and convenience of DC power distribution system must be enhanced for customers. Safety improvement involves two aspects：1) Since the DC system adopts IT system, or high-resistance grounding, no loop will be formed when a person touches a unipolar wire, which have been widely used for many municipal lighting systems today. 2) Since the power distribution terminal adopts ultra-low-voltage DC, such as 48V, there will be no danger even if people touch the system. Welcome all interested peers to our laboratory for visit and experience. Convenience improvement refers to optimizing most of the terminal electrical equipments we used now, and to make them all DC products. We often carries a variety of power adapters - various square or rectangular small accessories. When the DC power distribution system is adopted, these small accessories are no longer necessary. ( The letter “ I’’indicates there is no grounding on the power supply side, or with high-resistance grounding；The letter 44indicates that the electrical equipment is grounded on the load side.)
第三，直流系统更有利于电气智能化技术应用，系统控制会更简单。首先部分时间、部分空间的用能理念与 直流系统的拓扑可以做到很好的吻合。换句话说，以房间或空间为单元的用能需求，与DC375/
48V变换和控制 单元相一致。更重要的是，直流系统允许母线电压大范围的波动，如在300〜400V之间，这就为实现光伏、储能、柔性用电设备、电网四者协同控制奠定了非常好的基础。
THIRD, the DC system is more conducive to electrical intelligence, and its control will be simpler. First of all, the energy consumption concept of part time and part space can be well matched with the topology of the DC system. In other words, the energy demand of the room or space as the control unit is consistent with the DC375/48V conversion and control unit. More importantly, the DC system allows a wide range of bus voltage fluctuations, such as between 300V and 400V, which lays a very good foundation for the realization of coordinated control of photovoltaics, energy storage, flexible electrical equipment, and power grids.
第四，直流系统能够很容易实现与电力系统的交互。在讨论零能耗建筑技术时，更多是从建筑自身的用能 来考虑的。当建筑可再生能源的产能量大于等于该建筑用能量时，这座建筑就是零能耗建筑。如果说未来建筑 电气化时代用能以电为主，上述零能耗建筑虽然在能量总量上是满足的，但由于产能和用能时序上的不匹配，会 导致我们的建筑仍要在很多用电高峰时刻从电网取三分之一左右的电量，而光伏发电量富余的时候又往往是电 网不需要的时候。这就意味着，要更多地考虑建筑用能的外部属性——建筑如何与电网对接？很多人问我，当你们搞了光伏和储能以后，是不是不需要电网了？答案恰恰相反，我们需要电网，电网也需要我们，相互帮助不 仅是美德，更是全社会系统成本降低的必然。
FOURTH, the DC system will be easily interacted with the power system. When we analyze the zero energy building, we considers more on energy consumption of the building itself. The zero energy building (ZEB) is indentified by the power capacity of renewable energy, which is greater than or equal to the energy consumed in the building. If electricity is the main power in the era of building electrification in the future, energy produced by solar PV could cover all building energy consumption. However the mismatch in the timing of production capacity and energy consumption will cause buildings still draw about one-third of the electricity from the grid at many peak times, and the surplus electricity generated by the building is often not needed by the grid. The external properties of building energy should be focused. Especially how to connect building energy system with the grid? I have been asked by many peers ：** Do you no longer need power grids because the photovoltaic and energy-storage is established for the building?v The answer is just the opposite.
光储直柔，行走未来—访深圳未来人組直流配电技术应用项H团队负贵人郝斌
We need the grid, and the grid also needs the DC system. Mutual assistance is not only a virtue, but also a inevitable necessity of cost reduction in the whole social system.
其他价值还包括直流系统能帮助我们实现供电可靠性的解耦，等等。更多的好处期待与大家一起在实践过 程中发现。
The DC system is also conducive to the decoupling of power supply reliability and so on. More benefits are expected to be discovered in practice with you.
编辑：我们知道，深圳建科院未来大厦是国内首个已经建成的全直流建筑。请您为读者介绍一下已入驻大 楼的用户对该直流建筑的评价。
Editor：As we know, IBR Future Complex of Shenzhen Institute of Building Research Co. , Ltd. is the first DC building in China. Could you please introduce the evaluation of users settled in the building about it to our readers?
郝总：未来大厦在2019年11月30日采用直流配电系统点亮了第一盏灯,7天后完成了主要电器设备的接 入,2020年1月完成了调试和控制的主要工作3这段时间八个合作单位、十位博士、几十人奋斗在一线，自己动 手，装设备、搬仪器、接线、测试、匹配通讯协议、调程序，由于那时建筑电梯还没有安装，上上下下，相当于每天爬 3〇〇米的楼，团队人员基本每天都不敢多喝水，以节省下楼如厕时间。每当想起施工建设时的情景，都非常怀 念，也很开心。未来大厦的成功建设，要感恩团队同仁的鼎力支持与奋斗！
Dr. Hao：On November 30, 2019, the first light of IBR Future Complex was lit up through DC power distribution system, and the main electrical equipment were connected to the DC system seven days
later. In January 2020, the building debugging and control were completed for normal operation. During this period of time, eight cooperative organization, ten Ph.Ds and dozens of people worked hard. They installed equipment, moved instruments, wired, tested, matched communication protocol, and adjusted procedures by themselves, went up and down the stairs frequently which was equivalent to climbing 300 meters of building every day, because the elevator had not been installed at that time. Team members were afraid to drink more water just for saving time and not going the toilet downstairs frequently. Whenever I think of the scene of construction, I miss it very much and I feel grateful. Achieving the successful construction of IBR Future Complex, we must be grateful for the support and contribution of all team fellows!
根据查新结果，未来大厦不仅是国内首个全直流建筑，也是世界上第一个走出实验室规模化应用的全直流 办公楼。该建筑相关配电技术作为重要科技成果在中国驻美大使馆“发展的中国”主题开放h展出。
According to the investigation, IBR Future Complex is not only the first DC building in China, but also the first DC office building in the world achieving large-scale applications out of the laboratory. The building-related power distribution technology was exhibited as an important scientific and technological achievement on the Open Day with theme of 4*A Developing ChinaM in Chinese Embassy in the United States.
由于受到新冠肺炎疫情影响，团队对建筑的进一步调适以及安全性、电能质M、能效等实验验证推迟到了 2〇2〇年5月开展。在调适期间，空调、照明、电脑、会议室设备等都运行得很好。目前，项目指挥部、施工单位、建设单位和我们实验室的主要研究人员在未来大厦办公。未来大厦采用的直流多联机空调系统与灵活空间很 好匹配；大家觉得温、照度可调的直流照明系统更舒适，手机充电更方便，电脑接人也很省事，因为真的都无需 带充电线和充电器……当然，有其他诉求的时候，每一位用户的意见和反馈都是我们的研发动力。比如，南方人 有喝茶的习惯，大家的茶台不能接电，想办法改；烧姜汤的电磁炉不能用，想办法改；存冰棍儿和饮料的冰箱没 有，想办法；还有用户要电扇不要空调的，想办法或定做。就这样，直流产品的生态链逐渐地完善起来，我们 也建立了直流产品库，方便后续更多用户到自己心仪的直流电器和设备。当然目前也还有要继续直流化的产 品，比如打印机、复印机等，技术上已经没有任何问题，只是产品量产的问题，相信很快也能够得到解决。
Impacted by the COVID-19, the further commissioning and the experimental verification of safety, power quality, and energy efficiency had been postponed to May 2020. During the commissioning period, the air-conditioning, lighting, computers, equipment in meeting room and its varieties were operating well. At present, the project headquarters, construction company, design company and main researchers of our laboratory are working in IBR Future Complex. The DC multi-connected air conditioning system is well matched to the flexible space；the DC lighting system with adjustable col
or temperature and illuminance is more comfortable；the mobile phone and computer charging are more convenient, because there is really no need to bring a charging cable and the charger. . .Of course, the opinions and feedback of users are our motivation. For example, as drinking tea in south China is a habit, but the tea table couldn ’ t connect to the DC system, so we try to change it；the induction cooker for ginger soup cannot be used with DC, so we try to change it；the refrigerator for popsicles and drinks cannot be used with DC, so we try to find the substitute ；there are users who want electric fans and don't need air-conditioner, so we try to find or customize the fans for these users. In this way, the ecological chain of DC products has gradually improved, and a DC products database is established to facilitate more users to find their favorite DC appliances and equipment. Of course, there are still products that need to be connected with DC, such as printers, copiers, etc. There are no technical problems, and the mass production will be achieved soon.
其实我们的团队所做努力更多的是深度融合直流技术与绿建筑技术。我们试图让使用者更多地感受到 技术。正如之前所说，未来大厦本身就是绿建筑，采用了装配式建造、灵活空间、超低能耗、可再生能源等多项 技术，结合公司在绿建筑领域“五感六性”的研究（包括使用者的味觉、嗅觉、视觉、听觉、触觉，以及技术的安
Photovoltaic , Energy - storage , Direct current, Flexibility( PEDF) for Building Electrification in FUTU
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全性、适用性、舒适性、健康性、环境性和经济性），建立了数据与“五感六性”的关联，相信每一位使用者都会有 自己不同的感受，后续我们将开放线上参观渠道。
In fact, the team's efforts are more deeply integrated DC with green building. We try to make users feel more about technology. As mentioned before, IBR Future Complex is a green building, using a number of technologies such as prefabricated construction, flexible space, ultra-low energy consumption, renewable energy, etc. Combined with the company’ s research on the “five senses and six properties”（ that is, users’sense of taste, smell, sight, hearing, touch, and the safety, plus with applicability, comfort, health, environment protection and economy of the technology) in green buildings, the operation data are related with the senses and properties. We believe that users will have their own feelings. We ’ 11open up online visit channels in the future.
编辑：在各种类型的建筑物当中，您觉得“直流建筑”技术能够率先在哪一类建筑中实现规模化发展？
Editor: Among various types of buildings，in which one do you think “DC building” technology can be utilized firstly and achieve large-scale development?
郝总：直流配电在建筑中是从照明系统开始应用的。天津大学求实大厦采用直流配电覆盖了全楼的室内外 照明；清华大学紫荆公寓室内外照明也采用了直流配电技术。LED光源的发展是照明系统直流化的助推器。
Dr. Hao：DC power distribution is applied in the building starting from the lighting system. The indoor and outdoor lighting of Qiushi Building of Tianjin University uses DC power distribution；the Zijing Apartment Building and its outdoor lighting of Tsinghua University also utilize DC. The LED light source is a booster for DC lighting systems.
随着新能源的普及和末端直流负载的丰富，综合性的实验项目和示范项目逐步涌现。据不完全统计，国内 低压直流建筑项目已达到20多项，如国网江苏电科院在苏州同里小镇项目采用中低压直流配电技术开展了积 极的探索，等等。这些项目中，我印象最深的是广日电气实验楼项目，广日人在2014年建成了 2000多平方米的 直流实验楼，光伏技术、储能技术一个不少，直流开关、插座自己开发，末端电器特低压直流化，甚至包括自己生 产的电梯也在直流化。遗憾的是，由于种种原因，现在已基本停用，但我在参观这一项目时仍然能够强烈地感受 到昔日广日人的探索精神。
The integrated experimental projects and demonstration projects have emerged gradually with the popularization of new energy and the abundance of terminal DC loads. According to incomplete stati
stics, domestic low-voltage DC buildings has reached more than 20. For example, the State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Research Institute has actively explored the use of low-voltage DC for the Tongli Town in Suzhou, etc. Among these projects, I am deeply impressed in DC Experimental Building by the Electricity Facilities Guangri Guangzhou Co., Ltd. The research team of Guangri built a DC office building of more than 2,000 square meters in 2014, integrating photovoltaic and energy-storage system, and utilizing the self-developed DC switches and sockets. And the ultra-low voltage DC was achieved on terminal electrical appliances, even the DC electrification was implemented on their self-produced elevators. Regrettably, due to various reasons, the appliances or elevators has basically been out of service. But when I visited this project, I could still feel the exploratory spirit of the research team.
直流建筑适合在哪些场景应用是大家一直在不断探索的。在当前的技术条件下，个人觉得：
The feasibility of DC building has been constantly explored. Under the technical conditions nowadays, my personally opinion as follow ：
从负载的角度看，直流建筑宜从办公类建筑、中小学、幼儿园、康养类建筑、公寓式建筑，以及农村居住建筑 等率先开展应用。这些建筑中，电器种类几乎全部是直流负载，有的对于安全性和便捷性要
求高，适合优先发 展。比如，山西芮城县庄上村的直流微网项目正在实践中，“光储直柔”技术已经应用到几十户老百姓家中，并 且很好地解决了农村清洁采暖的问题。
From the perspective of load, DC electrification needs to be prioritized for office buildings, primary and secondary schools, kindergartens, health-care buildings, apartment buildings, and rural residential buildings. In these buildings, almost all types of electrical appliances are DC loads, and some of them have high demands for safety and convenience, and are suitable for priority development. For example, the DC microgrid project is in practice in Zhuangshang Village, Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province. The integrated technology of Photovoltaic, Energy-storage, Direct current. Flexibility( PEDF) has been applied to dozens of local dwellings, which met demand of clean heating in rural areas.
从建筑新能源利用的角度看，采用分布式太阳能光伏技术的建筑，宜采用直流配电或交直流混合配电系统，以提高新能源的使用效率。
From the perspective of utilizing new energy, buildings with distributed photovoltaic should adopt DC power distribution or AC/DC hybrid power distribution systems to improve the efficiency of new energy.
从建筑与电网的关系角度看，负荷大、波动性强、对能源费用敏感的建筑宜采用“光储直柔”技术，一方面用 电形态与电网更友好，更重要的是同时能够降低建筑自身的能源费用。
From the perspective of the relationship between buildings and grid, the integrated Photovoltaic, Energy -s torage, Direct current. Flexibility (PEDF) should be adopted in the buildings with huge load fluctuation, and which are sensitive to energy cost. Not only can PEDF transform rigid building load curve to grid-friendly one, but also can actually reduce the energy operation cost.
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