注释和参考文献格式要求【以MLA格式为主】
I 注释Endnotes and In-text Citations
1参考文献的格式.尾注和脚注【文学类论文使用为主】
尾注为在正文需详细注释处的右上方按顺序加注数码①②③……,在全文之后写注文,每条加对应数码, 回行时与上一行注文对齐。脚注为在正文需详细注释处的右上方按顺序加注数码1,2,3……,在当页底部写注文。
2.夹注【其他论文使用】
某些引文或所依据的文献无须详细注释者,以夹注的形式随文在括号内注明。
1)来自专著的直接引语作者姓名在文中已经出现:
格式:出版年份:页码
例: Rees said, “As key aspects of …in the process” (241).
2 )  来自专著的直接引语,作者姓名在文中没有出现:
格式:作者姓名 页码
例: The underlying assumption is that language “bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways” (Kramsch 3).
           
3 ) 来自某篇文章的直接引语,作者姓名在文中已经出现:           
格式:发表年份 (无须页码)
  例:Ernst Rose submits, “The highly spiritual view of the …alike” (1974).
4 ) 来自某篇文章的直接引语,作者姓名在文中没有出现:
  格式:作者姓名(英文只注姓)、出版年份(无须页码)
  例:“Everything rests on the notion that there is such a thing as ‘just’ words – but there is
n’t” (Bateson 1972)
5 ) 来自专著的间接引语,作者姓名在文中已经出现:
  格式:出版年份:引文页码
  例:According to Alun Rees (1986:234), the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation.
6 ) 来自专著的间接引语,作者姓名在文中没有提到:
  格式:作者姓名 引文页码
  例:It may be true that in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is of primary importance (Robertson 136).
Several scholars have studied recent developments in academia in the context of the history of university teaching . Graff).
The authors of  Womens Ways of Knowing make a distinction between separate knowing and “connected knowing (Belenky et al 100-30)
7 ) 来自文章的间接引语,作者姓名在文中没有提到:
  格式:作者姓名 出版年份 (无须页码)
例:It is argued that if communication is to be successful, the people involved need to share the same referential meaning of the words they are using (Byron & Fleming 1999).
8 ) 提到某人的观点与姓名:
  格式:发表年份(紧跟姓名后)
  例:Peters (1985) proposes that the operation of a rule-based system generates language …
9 )提到某人的观点(没有提到姓名):
  格式:作者姓名 发表年份:页码 (该观点来自某一页码)
例:The writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation (Rees 1986:32).
格式:作者姓名 发表年份(该观点来自某一文献)
A number of studies do not find texts with long series of Themes that derive from a single semantic field (Thompson 1985; Francis 1989/1990).
10 ) 文章提到整本书的书名,不用加注.
11) 参考文献中的条目,如没有作者,只列出题目的著作,夹住中只列出题名,保留双引号:
Due to air pollution, Egypt plans to move the statue of Ramses II from the main railroad station in Cairo to the west bank of the Nile ( Ancient Pharaoh Statue).
12)机构作者:使用机构名称,如太长可以用缩略语,如:
    The annual report revealed substantial progress in fundraising (American Museum of Natural History 12, hereafter AMNH). (AMNH 15)
13)多卷本著作:引用多卷本中某一卷,使用作者名+缩写,如:
This valuable reference work surveys the major operas of Mozart and Puccini (Newman, vol. 2)
如引用多卷本中某一卷中一部分,使用阿拉伯数字表示卷号:页码。如:
Newman discusses the controversy about the quality of Mozarts The Magic Flute (2:104-105)
14) 一人多著:引用由一作者多著作的情况,使用题名的简写版+页码。如:
  引用Mina Shaughnessy的两个文献:Errors and Expectations : A guide for the Teacher of Basic Writing和“Diving In: An Introduction to Basic Writing.
Shaughnessy points out that“the beginning writer does not know how writers behave (Erro
rs 79)
Teachers applauded Shaughnessys assertion that teaching [beginning writers] to write well is not only suitable but challenging work for those who would be teachers and scholars in a democracy’ (Diving In 68)
15) 转引资料:转引自非原创文献,使用qtd. in, 如:
    Goethe wrote that it takes more culture to perceive the virtues of The Magic Flute than to point out its defects (qtd. In Newman 2: 104)
16) 联网资料:
格式:编号
例:“A deconstructive reading is a reading which analyses the specificity of a text’s critical difference from itself” (Net. 2 ).
( :Net. 1, Net. 2, Net. 3,……为了便于注明文内引语的出处,在参考文献中按编号顺序列
出网址,见下面参考文献
II.                          Work Cited
参考文献
1.专著:
1).作者的姓名(英文作者的姓,名). 书名. 出版地: 出版商, 年份。如果同一作者两本以上同年出版的参考书,在年份后用ab c 等标出。例:
黄国文,《语篇分析概要长沙湖南教育出版社1988
周兆祥,《翻译与人生》,香港商务印书馆, 1996a
周兆祥,《翻译初阶》,香港商务印书馆1996b
Winfield, Richard Dien. Law in Civil Society. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1995.
(注:大学和出版社可缩写成大写头字母)
两个或三个作者:
Simonds, Wendy & Barbara Katz Rothman. Centuries of Solace: Grief in Popular Literature. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992.
三个以上作者:
Mcpherson, William, et al. English and American Literature: Sources and Strategies for Collection Development. Chicago: American Library Association Press, 1987.