句子成分及基本句型
一、考点、热点回顾
【句子的成分】
跨年晚会节目单(1)Lucy is a beautiful nurse. (名词作主语)
(2)He reads newspapers every day. (代词作主语)
(3)Smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词作主语)
(4)To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.(不定式作主语)
(5)What we should do is not yet decided. (主语从句作主语)
(二)谓语
如:His parents are teachers. (系动词和表语一起作谓语)
We study hard. (行为动词作谓语)
We don’t finish reading the book. (助动词和行为动词一起作谓语)
He can speak English. (情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语)
(三)宾语
宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。
She is doing her homework now.(名词作宾语)
She says(that)she is ill.(宾语从句作动词宾语)
We often help him.(代词作宾语)
He likes to play basketball.(不定式作宾语)
We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作宾语)
说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物,宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外,动词不定式可作动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。
说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,直接宾语指物,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。
不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如:give, show(给……看),
bring, pass, buy等。如:(1)Our teacher tells us a story.
(2)The sun gives us light.
间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。
间接宾语前加“to”的有:
give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise(答应), refuse(拒绝)等。
间接宾语加“for”的有:
make, buy, do, get, play, order(命令), sing, pay等
(1)I give him a book. 改成:
(2)He passes me the book.(他将书递给我。) 改成:
(3)He writes me a letter. 改成:
(4)He will buy me some books. 改成:
(5)She is making me a cake. 改成:
(四)宾语补足语
在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。
如:They make her happy.(形容词)
I see her dance.(不定式)
We’ll help you to make the Olympics a success.(名词)
旋律好听的歌 Please let him in.(副词)
We heard her singing a song.(分词短语)
(五)表语
表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。
如:I am a teacher.(名词)
He is always happy.(形容词)
They are on the playground now.(介词短语)
It gets cold.(形容词)
Be动词(am,is,are, was, were)
系动词 表保持(keep, stay, remain)
表改变(get, become, turn)
感官动词(feel,sound(听起来),seem/look(看起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来))
如:It sounds interesting.(sound为系动词,interesting为表语)
We should all remain careful. Remain(为系动词,欧弟汪涵 careful为表语)
(六)定语
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。
单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。
如:The black bike is mine.(形容词)
What’s your name(代词)
They make paper flowers.(名词)
说明1:当定语修饰不定代词:nothing, anything, everything, something等时,定语在不定代词后面。 如:I tell him something interesting. (形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语)
He has something to do. (to do为不定式作后置定语)
说明2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。
如:The boys in the room are in Class Four. (in the room是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。)
(七)状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。
如:He did it carefully.(副词)
We often help him.(副词)
Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.(介词短语)
When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.(从句作时间状语)
He sits there.毕福剑是被谁害的(副词地点状语)
【简单句的五种基本句型】
A. 主语+不及物动词(主谓)
如:The sun rises. 太阳升起来。
The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。
rise和stop都是不及物动词,因此后边不必加宾语。
B. 主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾)
如:I love my country. He helps me. I like action movies. I buy a book.
C. 主语+系动词+表语(主系表)
如:Her brother is a driver.
We feel happy.(feel为系动词,表示感到……)
It gets dark.天黑了。(get为系动词,表示变得)
Tom looks ill. Tom看上去病了。(春天朋友圈文案简短look为系动词,表示看上去,看起来)
D. 主语+及物动词+双宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)(主谓+直宾+间宾)
如:He gives复联4有彩蛋吗 Tom a present.(双宾语) 他给汤姆一件礼物。
Mother make a new dress for me.(双宾语) 妈妈为我做了一件衣服。
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