当前我国的交易所市场,主要有两个交易所和三个板块组成。两个交易所是指深圳证券交易所和上海深圳交易所,三个板块是指主板市场、中小企业板及创业板。主板市场和中小企业板主要是在上海深圳交易所进行上市交易,对企业公司上市门槛要求较高,发行前的股本总额不低于3000万元人民币;而创业板市场在深圳证券交易所进行上市交易。深圳证券交易所主要扶持一部分创新企业或者高科技风险企业,其上市门槛较低,但是要求发行后股本总额不低于3000万元人民币。因为国内上市门槛较高,所以许多企业也选择在海外上市,如美国等。以下本文将逐一介绍企业公司上市的渠道,为我国企业公司上市提供借鉴。
  一、境内上市方法比较研究
  IPO(首次公开发行股票)和(RM)借壳上市是国内公司在境内上是采取的常用方法。IPO是指企业公司通过证券交易所首次向投资者公开增发股票,帮助募集企业发展的资金。企业公司手粗公开发行股票后,一般都可以在证券交易所进行上市交易。RM是指非上市企业公司结合自身经营状况,购买已经上市的壳公司的股权,获得壳公司的一部分控股权,再对自己企业公司进行收购,使自己的企业公司能够上市。
  二、国内企业公司在美国上市
  我国国内企业在美国上市只要的途径主要是普通股首次公开发行和反向兼并的方式
东莞大岭山>蒋劲夫家暴女  (一)普通股首次公开发行
  普通股首次公开发行,常采取IPO的形式。境内企业公司通过在海外注册新公司或者购买壳公司的方式,将境内企业公司的资本注入新公司或者已购买的壳公司,以新公司或者壳公司的名义在海外证券市场上市。选择注册新公司和购买壳公司的地点十分重要,一方面要考虑收税方面是都具有优惠,另一方面又要符合我国政府对境内企业公司海外上市的规定。一般境内企业公司会选择在英属维京岛、开曼岛、巴拿马等避税岛注册新公司,像新浪、网易、搜狐等企业公司就是采用的这种方式在维斯达克上市的。因为各个地方的证券结算和证券税赋不同等因素,我国企业公司在美国上市进行普通股首次公开发行一般采取发行美国存托股证挂牌的方式。我国人寿保险股份有限公司就是通过发行美国存托股证(ADR)挂牌的方式上市的。发行存托股证的一般方式,是由美国银行与的企业公司签订相关协议,协议规定由这家美国银行担任该企业公司发行证券的存托人,再由美国银行向美国投资人签发存托股证。每一张存托股证代表着企业公司的证券,进行自由交易,存托人收购的公司证券达到一定数量之后,一帮将证券交给的托管银行
进行保管。其中,美国银行实际上也是股证持有者的付款代理人,向企业公司收取股利,分配给股证持有者。同时,美国银行也是存托股证的转让代理人,它会在适合的时候将股证转换为相应的证券。美国证监会会区别对待ADR以及其代表的证券。另外,依据证券的相关法律法规,发行存托股证的美国银行必须需要注册,企业公示也必须定期报告。我国人寿保险股份有限公司通过这种方式在纽约证券交易所和香港联交所同时正式挂牌交易,获得了25倍的超额认购倍数,共募集了35亿美元,成为该年度全球资本市场首次公开发行股票筹资额最高的企业。随后,我国联通、石化等企业也采取发行美国存托股证的方式,在海外成功上市。
  (二)反向兼并
  反向兼并上市的方式近些年在我国蓬勃发展。目前,我国境内的企业公司通这种方式,在海外购买一家公司,使其成为“壳”公司,然后由上市公司反过来并购我国境内的企业法人,经由“壳”公司实现融资功能。这种反向兼并的上市方式能够在很大程度上逃避国内严格上市的审批程序,但是在资产整合和资产业务注入等方面有很大的难度,并且想要达到再融资的目的需要很长的时间。我国西安杨凌博迪森生物科技发展股份有限公司就是利用反向兼并的方式在美国成功上市的。
  (三)针对两种上市方法的比较研究
  普通股首次公开发行和反向兼并的上市方式相比较,普通股首次公开发行发行费用较高,程序比较复杂,且美国证监会的审查也较为严格,时间较长。但是通过普通股首次公开发行上市的企业公司比通过反向兼并方式上市的企业公司,在上市后的证券市场和交易都更为自由活跃,证券影响力也比通过反向兼并方式上市的企业公司要强大。如果想要通过普通股首次公开发行的方式上市,就需要严格按照美国证券法以及交易所的相关程序进行,也需要我国境内该行业声誉良好、有一定经验的机构或者团队的协助,才能成功上市。目前,由于我国企业公司通常采取风险投资和私募资金的方式进行经营管理,投资者为了保障自己的利益不受侵害,也会选择普通股首次公开发行的方式上市,降低投资者和企业上市的风险。据统计2010年我国境内企业公司在美国主要的上市交易所即纳斯达克交易所、纽约证券交易所以及全美证券交易所上市的就有34家,共计融资36亿美元。当然,反向兼并也有着其优势,比如上市门槛低,手续相对灵活简单等等。对于资产实力较弱、财务较为紧缩的企业公司来说,选择反向兼并的方式上市,有利于获得大量的经营管理资金。据相关统计,2010年我国境内企业公司利用反向兼并的方式实现上市的有8家,共融资1.25亿美元。
  三、国内企业公司在香港上市方法
  最为亚洲最大的国际金融中心,在香港上市因其融资制度较为灵活、透明性好,稳定性强,以及上市投入量较低的优势,吸引很多国内企业公司争相来香港上市。
  (一)发行H股上市
  发行H股上市的方式,是指我国境内注册的企业公司通过资产重组的方式,经过国有资产监督管理部门、所属主管部门以及中国证监会三方的审批后,成功在我国注册股份有限公司,再申请发行H股,最终在香港上市。通过发行H股上市的方式,因为是在国内进行审核,申请上市的企业公司对相关法律法规也比较清楚,加上中国证监会给予政策上的帮助,其审核时间不会太长,手续也不会很繁琐,方便了我国境内企业公司上市。但是,在企业公司上市后再进行重组,股份转让等,就不会很顺利,会受到很多我国法律的限制。
  (二)借壳上市
  在香港上市也可以采用借壳上市的方式,但是一定要符合香港联交所的相关规定。企业公司在购买壳公司后,对其进行资产收购,重新整合资产后申请上市,会有被当做新上市的
餐厅服务员管理制度可能性。虽然,借壳上市具有节约时间,上市筹备工作也较为轻松的优点,但是,香港方面对此也有严格的规定。上市公司对公众的持股量必须符合规定要求,否则不给予上市。并且,《红筹指引》中也有相关规定,我国境内企业公司想要在香港进行借壳上市的方式都有严格的规制。怎么清除浏览记录
总而言之,我国进内准备上市的企业公司,应该根据企业自身资产、市场状况和未来发展潜力等方面,选择合适的上市方法进行上市。规模较大,资金雄厚,且知名度高的企业公司可以考虑在纽约证券交易所这样的交易所进行交易上市。资产规模较小,财政紧张的企业公司可以采取借壳上市的方式进行上市。各个证券市场都有其明显的优势,根据企业公司的发展潜力选择合适的时机上市十分关键。
At present, China's exchange market, there are mainly two exchanges and three plates. The two exchange refers to the Shenzhen stock exchange and the Shenzhen Shanghai stock exchange, the three plate is the main board market, small and medium enterprises board and the gem. Motherboard market, small and medium enterprise board is mainly in the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange listed transactions, enterprises listed comp
anies require a higher threshold, before the issuance of the total share capital of not less than 30 million yuan; and entrepreneurship in market in Shenzhen Stock Exchange listed transactions. Shenzhen stock exchange, mainly to support a part of innovative enterprises or high-tech venture, the threshold is low, but the total amount of capital required to issue a total of not less than 30 million yuan. Because the domestic listing threshold is higher, so many companies have chosen to list overseas, such as the United States and so on. The following article will be introduced one by one Enterprise Inc listed channels, to provide reference for China's Enterprise Inc.
A comparative study of domestic listing methods
IPO (initial public offering of shares) and (RM) backdoor listing is a common method used by Domestic Company in the territory. IPO refers to the Enterprise Inc through the stock exchange for the first time publicly issued shares to investors, to help raise funds for the development of enterprises. After the Enterprise Inc hand rough public offering of shares, the general can be traded on the stock exchange. RM is refers to the unlisted companies
with their own operating conditions, has been listed shell company's stake purchase, get a part of shell companies controlling stake, again to your company for the acquisition, so that their companies can be listed.
Two, the domestic Enterprise Inc listed in the United States
China's domestic enterprises listed in the United States as long as the way is the first public offering of ordinary shares and the way the reverse merger.
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(a) the initial public offering of ordinary shares
鹅蛋脸明星
Ordinary shares of the initial public offering, often take the form of IPO. Domestic companies through overseas registered the new company or buy shell companies and domestic companies in the capital into the new company or have to buy shell companies, in the name of the new company or www.jich www.boxuelun www.huayueting1 shell companies listed in overseas stock markets. Choose to register new company and shell company place to buy a very important. On the one hand
to consider tax is is preferential, on the other hand, but also conforms to the Chinese government to the provisions of the overseas listing of domestic enterprises. The common domestic companies will choose the new company registered in the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Panama, tax avoidance Island, like Sina, Netease, Sohu company is used in this way in the Weisidake listed. Because of differences in factors such as each of the local settlement of securities and securities tax, our country enterprise company in the United States listed ordinary shares in the initial public offering generally take issue American depositary share certificate listing ways. China Life Insurance Limited by Share Ltd is through the issuance of the American Depositary Shares Certificate (ADR) listed on the way. To issue depositary share certificate is by Bank of America and overseas companies signed the relevant agreement, the agreement by the bank in the United States as the foreign companies to issue securities trustee, by Bank of America to U.S. investors issued depositary share certificate. Each a depositary share certificate on behalf of the securities of foreign companies, the freedom to trade and save the trustee of the acquisition of foreign securities companies reach a certain nu
mber, a bunch of the stock exchange to overseas trust bank for safekeeping. Among them, the Bank of America is in fact the payment agent of the shareholders of the stock certificate, to the overseas Enterprise Inc to receive dividends, distribution to the stock holders. At the same time, the Bank of America is also the transfer agent of stock certificate, it will be suitable for the time when the stock will be converted to the corresponding securities. The securities and Futures Commission of the United States shall treat the ADR as well as the foreign securities that it represents. In addition, according to the relevant laws and regulations of the securities, the issue of depository shares issued by the bank must be registered in the www.yulematou www.14se www.maka7 United States, foreign enterprises must also regularly report publicity. China Life Insurance Co., Ltd. in this way in the New York Stock Exchange and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange also officially listed for trading, oversubscription 25 times, raised a total of $3.5 billion, became the annual global capital market IPO Financing is the highest amount of enterprises. Subsequently, China Unicom, petrochemical and other companies have also adopted the way to issue American depositary shares, listed overseas successfully.