名牌首饰对于chimpanzee调查四级英语阅读
The above example shows the process of the emergence and evolution of new nouns in language. If language medium is taken as the standard to measure whether it has culture, only human beings have culture. However, in the field of biological research, culture is regarded as a behavioral feature that can be taught through learning and transmitted between generations. According to this definition, chimpanzees undoubtedly have culture. Some time ago, there was a report that chimpanzees fishing for termites also divided into different schools. In fact, in addition to termite fishing, there are 38 other chimpanzee behavior patterns that are believed to have cultural origins.
Dr. Jane Goodall has a high reputation for studying chimpanzee stories in Gombe, Tanzania. At the same time as Dr. Zhen, toshisada Nishida from Kyoto University in Japan also began to observe and study wild chimpanzees in Mahale, Tanzania. It can be said that the work of these two pioneered our study of chimpanzee behavior in the wild. With the deepening of research, people gradually found that chimpanzees have a variety of behaviors.
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好看的号idIn order to solve these problems, led by Dr. Andrew white of the University of St. Andrews in the UK and Dr. Christophe BOESCH of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany, a systematic investigation was carried out with seven other chimpanzee researchers, including Dr. Jane Goodall and Professor Lizhen nishita. In the end, they identified at least 39 different behavior patterns that can be seen as cultural differences. Before this large-scale study, people's understanding of cultural differences in wild animals was limited to a single behavior pattern, and the colorful behavior characteristics of chimpanzees really opened people's eyes.
It is found that chimpanzee groups in each research area have their own unique set of behavior patterns, and can even be summarized as "Gombe culture" or "Mahana culture". In other words, just by showing some specific behaviors, we can immediately infer where the chimpanzee lives. For example, if a chimpanzee has such behavior combinations as breaking nuts, tearing leaves when fighting, fishing termites with a short stick with one hand, and tapping the knuckles to attract the attention of female chimpanzees, it obviously comes from the TA ï forest in C ô te d'Ivoire, West Africa. Howe
农业银行银行卡查询ver, the reason why some behaviors do not exist in some groups may be that there are no local conditions to promote such behaviors. For example, chimpanzees in Uganda's Budongo forest will not smash nuts like their counterparts in the Tai forest, because there are no such nuts in the Budongo forest at all.
This study was published in the journal Nature in 1999, which immediately triggered a heated debate that continues to this day. Some people disagree with the use of the word "culture" to chimpanzees, while others believe that these primate researchers who pay attention to field observation have not proved how behavior is inherited between generations of chimpanzees. Dr Andrew white and Dr Christophe BOESCH said their work pointed out that chimpanzees are actually closer to humans than we once thought. Laboratory experiments conducted by captive chimpanzees have also shown that chimpanzees and other apes can learn new behaviors through imitation. For chimpanzees living in the wild, learning from older people in the group is crucial to their survival.
In order to better understand the cultural behavior of chimpanzees, Dr. Christophe BOESCH launched the "Pan African chimpanzee program" (panaf) at the Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology in Mapu in 2010. We already know that the generic name of chimpanzees is pan, and pan means "pan, all" in English, so there is actually a pun here. People have carried out research on about 40 populations in the entire chimpanzee distribution area for at least a year and found that with the enhancement of human activities, chimpanzees' available resources will be reduced, and their social learning behavior will also be disturbed, resulting in a decline of up to 88% of their behavior. In the long run, it is likely to lead to the loss of their behavioral diversity.
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