浅谈如何让高考英语作文妙笔生花
不少同学们可能很不理解:考试时,写出的书面表达要点齐全,表达也正确,可就是不知道为什么打不上高分。是啊,为什么呢?今天,我们就来研究如何解决这个问题。
首先让我们来看近年来全国高考英语书面表达的评分标准:第五档(很好):“覆盖所有主要内容;应用了较多的语法结构和词汇;语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致;应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑;达到了预期的写作目的。”
可见,高考书面表达评分标准在语言运用上对考生提出了更高的要求。也就是说在考查考生语言准确性的基础上,进一步强调了用词的得体性、表达方式的多样性。如果同学们仅运用基础的词汇和基本的句型,不能体现出较强的语言运用能力,即使要点齐全,表达没有语法错误,也不能给人一种含金量高的审美享受,因此很难在考试的评分中得到较高档次。评分标准给我们传递了另外一个信息,如果有意识地使用较高级词汇或复杂结构,即使有些错误,也不扣分,仍属于最高档次。
下面笔者就如何在高考英语作文中得到高分浅谈一下自己的教学体会。
根据笔者的多年高三教学体会,我个人认为,要想高考英语作文得到高分,考生必须让自己的文章有“亮点”,做到妙笔生花,与众不同,达到语不惊人死不休的地步体现出考生对语言的娴熟驾驭能力。要做到这一点并不容易,但不是绝对不可以的。一篇优秀的高分作文应该内容丰富,形象丰满;词语生动、句式灵活、善于运用修辞手法,语句地道;有见解,观点表达清晰,有独到之处。
同学们可以从以下几个方面去努力。
一、遣词方面:用词要贴切而丰富,善用短语
词汇是语言的建筑材料,文章的好坏,选词很关键,如果用词精湛,就会使文章“亮”起来。
1. 措辞要贴切具体生动 防止泛泛而谈
  试比较下面句子:
  I saw a traffic accident with my eye this morning(普通).
  I witnessed a traffic accident this morning.(高级).
He talked all the time during the discussion.(普通)
He dominated the discussion.(高级)
走出房间,笼统空泛的词是:walk out of the room
但是小偷走出房间应该说:slip out of the room
小走出房间应该说:sail out of the room
小孩走出房间应该说:dance out of the room
老人走出房间应该说:stagger out of the room
通过比较可以看出,前一句远不如后一句表达得具体、生动。一个词如果内涵越具体,那么在特定的场景中恰当地使用它,就会收到意想不到的效果。很多同学写作时常随便用一个很笼统的词来描述一个具体事物或人,如 a good man给人感觉很笼统空泛,我们可以用很多有个性的、具体的词描绘一个人,如 generous(大方的,慷慨的)humorous(幽默的)smart(漂亮的,潇洒的)kind-heartedwarm-heartedhospitable(好客的,招待周到的)刘亦菲伴娘,gentle(文雅的)optimistic(乐观的)outstanding(董洁照片审车需要带什么材料杰出的)courageous(英勇的)cultivated(有教养的)confident(自信的)等等。 
2. 用词要简洁多样 尽量避免重复
  在英语写作中,遣词一定要避免不必要的重复,如果用词重复,写出的句子往往单调乏味,文章没有感染力。用词多样化可以使句子表意生动,增强文章的整体表达效果。如:
  Chart1 shows the daily average amount of time the students of the school spend on different after-class activities. The students put the most time93 minutesinto their homeworkand next in line is watching TVwhich takes up 46 minutes. They put in about the same amount of time listening to music and working on the computer34 minutes and 30 minutes each. While 25 minutes is spent on sports only 12 minutes
goes into housework
  文中运用了 我的合租美女老师“spend on into take up doing goes into 等一系列的不同词语,来说明学生六项课余活动所花时间,虽然讲的都是类似的情况,但没有一个词组是重复的。这充分体现了语言的运用技能,绝对可使整篇文章“亮”起来。
3. 要善于运用习语
  习语是语言的精华部分,习语用得好,会给评卷员留下深刻印象。例如:
 When she was a childshe wanted to learn everything.( 普通)
 When she was a childshe had a strong appetite for knowledge.(高级)
He cant give up smoking. ( 普通)
He is addicted to smoking. (高级)
He was very busy with his work all day. (普通)
He was tied up with his work. ( 高级)
4. 要避免汉语思维
  用词要符合英语习惯,避免汉语思维的影响,如某些名词和动词搭配已约定俗成,不能随意打乱其搭配习惯,否则会显得生硬和词不达意。如汉语中的“学到知识”,英语中就不能说“learn knowledge”,而要说acquire knowledge (获得知识) 。类似的动宾结构还有achieve dream(美梦成真)gain reputation (获得声誉)obtain ones goal(达到目标干露露)等等。
二、造句方面:句式要准确而多变,活用复合句
  简单句用得太多,会造成文章读起来乏味。在评卷员看来,同样意思的内容,能够运用比较复杂的句式结构来表达,当然会认为其运用语言的能力要比只会用简单句来表达要强,
评分自然就高。
1. 巧用非谓语动词
运用非谓语动词,可使文句看起来更简洁,使语言更加丰富多彩,重点更加突出,增加文采。如:
I covered my earstrying to keep the noise outbut failed.
2. 巧用with复合结构
  “with+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/介词”结构,常作伴随状语以增加被描绘内容的生动性和情感性,使文章读起来更简洁明了。试比较:
 I couldn闫学晶现任老公简历t go on studying because there was so much noise troubling me. (普通)
 I couldnt go on studying with so much noise disturbing me. (高级)
3. 巧用复合句
  高考评分标准强调使用语法结构的数量和复杂性,鼓励考生尽量使用较复杂的结构,并且对由此产生的错误采取了宽容的态度。如果恰当运用各类从句,就会使文章出彩。如:
  (定语从句) Whats morepeople have easy access to the Internetwhich enables the
m to send and receive e-mails whenever they like.
4. 巧用倒装句、感叹句、强调句、虚拟语气句等
  使用这些句式可使文章化平淡为生动,加强语气,使评卷老师感受作者的强烈情感。
  (倒装句)Only in this way can we work out the problem.
  (感叹句)I thought,“How hard dad is working! He must be very tired.
5. 巧用排山倒海句
  如能运用一个个排比句、对偶句、不定式或短语,可令文章增不少,会给评卷员眼前一亮的感觉。如:
  The purpose of the program is to make our school more beautifulto make the air cleaner and fresherand to turn our school into a better place for us to study and live in.
6. 巧用修辞手段
在这方面,英语跟汉语相通。常用的修辞手段有,比喻,拟人,夸张,借代等等。
比喻性结构新鲜活泼,形象具体,能给读者留下较深刻的印象,具有强大的感染力。例如:
1. It is more like a spear than anything else. (明喻  )
2. Mercy falls like the gentle rain from the sky upon the earth. ( 明喻 )
3. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. ( 暗喻 )
4. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. (对仗 )
5.You’ll have to look at the time a hundreds of times a day now.( 夸张 )
6. Della stood by the window and looked out at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey backyard. (反复)
7. New York never sleeps.  (拟人)                     
8. The Great Wall runs across China like a huge dragon. ( 明喻 )
9.To finish the work ahead of time, I have been as busy as a bee recently. ( 暗喻 )