杜晓婷个人资料
英⽂论⽂写作四种横线的正确⽤法
在英⽂写作标点符号中常见的有四种横线:包括连接符(hyphen,- ) ,短划线(en-dash,– ) ,长划线(em-dash,— ) 和减号(minus sign,- ),相信绝⼤部分中国留学⽣们都分不清楚更不知道分别应该如何使⽤,但是如果这样放到⼀起的话,⼤家还是能够看得出来四者外观上的差别。下⾯Meeloun⼩编来为⼤家⼀⼀介绍它们的⽤法:
1.连接符:这是⼏种横线中最常⽤的⼀种,通常⽤在下⾯⼏种情况:
1)⽤来连接复合单词的⼏个部分,⽐如X-ray, Editor-in-Chief,meta-analysis;或者连接单词和前缀,⽐如anti-inflammatory, non-coding。
这种⽤法⾮常常见,使⽤起来却没有⼀定之规。有的单词不同的作者会选择不同的格式,⽐如说Editor in Chief,noncoding也是常见的写法,⽽有的单词以⼀种写法为主,⽐如X-ray, meta-analysis, anti-inflammatory。有些单词在语⾔演变的过程中可能从⼀种写法为主转变成另⼀种写法为主,⽐如up-regulate,down-regulate,现在普遍的写法是upregulate (upregulation)和downregulate (downregulation)。对于这种不同写法并存的单词,我们写作的时候要注意的就是⼀篇⽂章中只能⽤⼀种写法,前后⼀致是最重要的。
2)把两到三个词连起来作为形容词来修饰后⾯的名词,这种情况下连接符是必需的。
Eight-week-old mice were given a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. (注意这⾥不能说eight-weeks-old)assignment writing service on www.lxws
克罗地亚vs日本预测LPS-induced apoptosis of HUVECs was ameliorated by pre-treating the cells with VEGF.理想之城人物结局
When cells reached confluency, various stimulants were added into the culture medium, followed by a 24-hr incubation.
如果同样的意义不是作为形容词放在名词前⾯,就不需要连接符。
At the time the experiment started, the mice were eight weeks old.
When cells reached confluency, various stimulants were added into the culture medium, and the cells were further cultured for 24 hours.
⽤连接符连接在⼀起的单词⼀般是两到三个,不适合将⼀串多个单词⽤连接符连在⼀起。
朗朗简历及个人资料3)在出版物中我们会看到⼀个单词被断开放到两⾏时第⼀⾏的末尾有⼀个连接符,但是我们写作的过程中是不需要这样将单词断开的。
2.短划线:⽤在表⽰范围的两个数字之间。
魔皇刷图加点The mean age of the patients was 55 years (range 46–69 years).
Temperature of the room was kept at 25–28℃.
如果⽤between…and 或者from…to就不能⽤短划线了。
Temperature of the room was kept between 25 and 28℃.
短划线⽤得最多的地⽅应该是在⽂献列表中表⽰页码范围的时候。
Ponting CP, Oliver PL and Reik W. Cell 2009; 136:629–641.
3.长划线:这是⼀个不太常⽤的标点,表⽰后⾯要做进⼀步的说明。
多数情况下是可以⽤冒号(⼀个长划线的时候)或逗号(⼀部分内容前后各有⼀个长划线的时候)代替的。We have discovered a new function of FOXN1—recruiting melanocytes to deposit melanin into the epithelial cells. (可以⽤冒号代替)
The new function of FOXN1—recruiting melanocytes to deposit melanin into the epithelial cells—was discovered through our analysis of Foxn1-overexpressing mice. (可以都⽤逗号代替)
长划线的停顿⽐逗号要长⼀些,也就是说如果朗读的话,长划线处停顿的时间要⽐逗号长⼀些,所以暗含后⾯的内容有⼀点出乎意料,请读者注意的意思。由此可见⼀篇⽂章中长划线不宜过多,⽽少量使⽤可以使⽂章更⽣动有趣。
4.减号:表⽰减法或者负数。
在数学公式中表⽰减法时前后各需⼀个空格。花千骨小月
Tumor growth inhibition rate was calculated as (1 - tumor volume of treated group/tumor volume of control group) 100%.
表⽰负数时与后⾯的数字之间没有空格。
The samples were stored at -20℃ till use.
Final concentration of MgCl2 in the buffer was 0.2 g L-1.
*注:我们这⾥介绍的是美式英语中最常⽤的格式。不同地域,不同出版社可能会有所不同。
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