高中英语语法第一轮复习-不定式
一、概说
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它通常由不定式符号to + 动词原形构成,但有时to也可省略(省略to的不定式叫不带to的不定式,与动词原形同形)。动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词的功能,在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等,但不能用作谓语(故称不定式为非谓语动词)。不定式可以有不同的时态(如进行式、完成式等)和语态(主动语态和被动语态)。
二、不定式的否定式
1.不定式的否定式的构成
通常是将否定词not或never置于不定式之前,即构成not to do 或never to do 的形式,注意not和never一定要放在不定式符号to的前面,而不是其后面。如:
The doctor advised me not to smoke. 医生劝我不要抽烟。
Father warned me never to drive after drinking. 父亲警告我不要酒后开车。
注:若不定式为完成式和被动式,否定词应置于整个结构之前:
She pretended not to have seen him. 她假装没看见他。
既见君子 云胡不喜是什么意思It is nice not to be dependent on others. 不依靠别人是好的。
2. so as to do sth 和in order to do sth 的否定式
对于这两个结构的否定式,通常是将否定词置于不定式符号to之前,而不是置于整个结构之前或其他位置:
Study hard so as not to fail the exam. 努力学习,以免考试不及格。
He came in quietly in order not to wake his wife. 他轻轻进来,以免把他妻子吵醒。
三、不定式的时态与语态
1. 不定式时态与语态的基本形式(以do为例)
 
主 动 语 态
被 动 语 态
一般式
to do
to be done
进行式
to be doing
完成式
to have done
to have been done
完成进行式
to have been doing
2. 不定式一般式的用法
有两个主要用法:
(1) 一是表示将来,即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作:
We decided to leave early. 我们决定早点动身。
He asked me to buy him some paper. 他叫我给他买些纸。
We expect him to come in time. 我们希望他能及时来。
(2) 表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作:
He seems to be tired. 他似乎累了。
Who heard him say that? 是谁听到他这样说的?
I’m sorry to hear that. 听到这事我很难过。(to hear 略先于am sorry)
2. 不定式进行式的用法
主要用法有:
(1) 表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作:
He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在说什么。
He is thought to be hiding in the woods. 人们认为他躲在林子里。
(2) 正如可用进行时态表示将来意义一样,不定式的进行式有时也可表示将来:
He was happy to be coming home. 就要回家了他感到高兴。
The old man seems to be dying. 这老人似乎要死了。
3. 不定式完成式的用法 
(1) 表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作:
He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起给了你这么多麻烦。
(2) 表示在某个给定的时间之前已完成的动作:
I hope to have finished the work by now. 我希望现在以前已完成这项工作。
(3) 表示过去未实实现的想法和愿望:
I should like to have come earlier. 我本想早点来的。
We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。
4. 不定式完成进行式的用法
表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作:
You seem to have been writing very long. 你好像已经写了很久了。
The battle was said to have been going on for two days. 据说战斗已经进行两天了。
圣安地列斯人物mod5. 不定式被动语态的用法
不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式,往往取决于句子的意思,即意思上为主动就用主动形式,意思上为被动就用被动形式:
Did it need to be done so soon? 这事需要这么快就做吗?
It remains to be seen whether you are right. 你是否正确,以后见分晓。
I’m pleased to have been given this opportunity. 给了我这次机会我很高兴。
注:有关不定式用主动形式表示被动意义的内容,参见本讲义“被动语态”之内容。
四、不定式的句法功能
1. 作主语
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
To talk with him is a great pleasure. 和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
To remember this is very important. 记住这一点很重要。
注:为了避免头重脚轻,在许多情况下,通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部,而在句首使用的主语位置使用形式主语it:
It’s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。
It’s a pity to leave so early. 这么早走太遗憾。
2.作表语工行银行信用卡
He seems to be ill. 他似乎有病。
Her wish is to be a teacher. 她的愿望就是当一名教师。
You are not to smoke in this room. 你不应在这个房间里吸烟。
注:不定式作表语主要有三种情况,一是用于seem, appear, prove, turn out等连系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be),二是像My job is to sweep the floor(我的工作就是擦地板)这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形,三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等,再如:
We are to meet at the station at three. 我约定3点钟在车站见面。(表约定)
How are we to convince him? 我们怎么能说服他呢? (表可能性)
You are to come when I call. 叫你来的时候,你必须来。(表命令)
3. 作宾语
I can’t afford to buy a car. 我买不起汽车。
Remember to post the letter. 记住把信寄了。
I hope to be staying with you. 我希望和你住在一起。
注:不定式不仅用作动词的宾语,还可用作个别介词(如but, except)的宾语:
I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我没有别的选择。
It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外,没产生任何效果。
4. 作宾语补足语
Who taught you to drive? 谁教你开车的?
He warned me not to touch it. 他警告我不要触碰它。
What caused him to change his mind? 什么使他改变主意的?
注:当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式,并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后:
It find it difficult to learn Japanese well. 我感到学会日语不容易。
5. 作定语
I have a question to ask you. 我有一个问题要问你。
It is a pleasant thing to remember. 这是一件值得记住的愉快的事。
He is not a man to tell a lie. 他不是个说谎的人。
注:有的名词(如way, chance, right等)后用作定语的不定式可换成of doing sth:
It’s the best way to do [of doing] it. 这是做此事最好的办法。
绝倾国:落跑囚妃但是,以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth:
attempt 试图  courage 勇气    decision 决定    effort 努力    fortune 运气
failure 失败  invitation 邀请  permission 允许  promise 允诺  wish 愿望
6. 作状语
不定式作状语可以表示多种关系(如目的、结果、原因、条件等):
I went to France to learn French. 我到法国去学法语。(表目的)四月简短美句
He returned home to find his wife waiting for him. 他回到家发现他的妻子在等他。(表结果)
You would make a great mistake to accept his offer. 你要是接受他的建议,你就犯了大错误。(表条件)
We are proud to be members of this team. 作为这个队的队员我们感到很自豪。(表原因)