第18章澳大利亚是一个自由民主的社会
Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):
1. The Australian political system follows the Western democratic tradition, reflecting British and North American experience. _____
【答案】T
【解析】澳大利亚的政治体制是英美政治体制的混合体。
2. It is general acknowledged that the Prime Minister and the Cabinet at the federal level is the centre of the Australian parliamentary power. _____
【答案】T
【解析】总理和他的内阁是澳大利亚议会权力的中心。
3. Laws of the State should be changed if they don’t agree with the federal laws. _____
【答案】T
【解析】如果州级法律与联邦法律不一致，州级法律就必须修订。
4. The Senate of the Parliament is responsible for initiating the bills and enacting legislation. _____
【答案】F
【解析】众议院（The House of Representatives）负责拟定法案和制定法律，参议院（Senate）则负责审查下议院提出的法案，并提出修订案。
5. The Coalition Party is made up of the Australian Labor Party and the National Party. _____
【答案】F
【解析】联盟党是自由党和民族党的联盟。而不是工党和民族党的联盟。
6. It is generally expected that the Governor-General should follow the advice of the Cabinet. _____
【答案】T
【解析】总督没有实权，而只是在执行委员会的建议下行事。
7. The “shadow cabinet” of the opposition can take over the government when there is a constitutional crisis.
【答案】F
【解析】在大选中，两个党派中赢得议会多数席位的党派可以组建政府，失败的党派即反对党，通常会组建影子内阁。影子内阁并不能在宪政危机时取代政府。
8. Many migrants poured into Australia during the 1850s. As a result, the Australian population increased by 50% in that decade. _____
【答案】F
【解析】自1788年第一批欧洲移民来到澳大利亚时起，澳大利亚的人口增长有一半来自移民。澳大利亚
的人口增长从1788年就开始，并非到了十九世纪50年代才激增一倍。其增长的时间要更长一些。
9. The government had withdrawn its troops from Afghanistan by 2010. _____
【答案】F
【解析】阿富汗战争是以美国为首的联军在2001年10月7日起对和塔利班的一场战争，澳大利亚在2013年底从阿富汗全部撤军。
10. Difference in Australia is now represented by three political parties whose basic
conflicts now centre around both class and environmental issues. _____
【答案】T
【解析】澳大利亚存在三个主要的政党代表，他们的基本冲突主要是围绕着阶级和环境问题。移民澳大利亚流程
Ⅱ. Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the qu estion: 1. Which of the following helped to increase the population of Australia significantly?
A. The long wool boom.
B. The World War Ⅱ.
C. The gold rush.
D. The minimum wage.
【答案】C
【解析】19世纪50年代的澳大利亚淘金热吸引了大量自由移民者，其中以中国人和德国人居多。
2. Which of the following was NOT source of migrants for the post-World War Ⅱassisted migration to Australia?
A. The Middle East.
B. Britain.
C. Southern Europe.
D. Eastern Europe.
【答案】A
【解析】第二次世界大战后，澳大利亚工党政府开展了一次大规模协助移民计划。这期间最受欢迎的移民是英国人，其次是欧洲北部的其他国家，然后是欧洲南部和中部的人。
3. The rise of the unemployment rate in 1970s was caused by _____.
A. fierce competition between Australian manufacturers
B. lowering of the tariff system
C. massive immigration program
D. control of foreign exchange dealings
【答案】B
【解析】在二十世纪七十年代，虽然第二产业达到史上最好水平，但是由于国际竞争日益激烈，以及关税降低的原因，失业率攀升。
4. Which of the following has the biggest decline in its share of Australia’s export?
A. The mineral industry.
B. The rural sector.
C. The manufacturing industry.
D. Higher education.
【答案】B
【解析】在19世纪40年代到20世纪70年代之间，澳大利亚的出口贸易75%来自农业部门，被称为“骑在羊背上的国家”。如今农业部门的出口比例降低至30%，是下降比重最大的部门。
5. Which of the following has happened in Australian economy?
A. T ariff rates have lowered.
B. The centralized wage system has been abolished.
C. The foreign exchange markets have been brought under state control.
D. Work migration to Australia has been made easier.
【答案】A
【解析】20世纪80年代以来，澳大利亚政治经济体制经历了重要的变革。政府对经济的干预在很大程度上被解除。政府降低了关税，也就是取消了关税对本国产业的保护。统一的工资制度被取消，取而代之的是对能者多酬的重视。
6. Which of the following is the responsibility of the Senate?
A. T o initiate the bills.
B. To enact legislation.
C. T o consider the bills.
D. T o dissolve the parliament.
【答案】C
【解析】参议院负责审查下议院提出的法案，并提出修订案。
7. Which of the following political parties form the Coalition?
A. The Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party.
B. The Australian Labor Party and the Democratic Party.
C. The Democratic Party and the National Party.
D. The Liberal Party and the National Party.
【答案】D
【解析】联盟党是自由党和民族党的联盟。
8. The Governor-General is _____.
A. the real head of the Cabinet
B. the head of the House of Representatives
C. the head of the Senate
D. the formal head of the executive branch of the government 【答案】D
【解析】总督是行政部门的官方首脑。