英语三级考试讲义
一. 语法
1.1 动词的时态
1.1.1一般现在时
  1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态:常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。
  例:He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。
  2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实,所以一般不用时间状语。
  例:The earth is round. 地球是圆的。
  3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。
  例:I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。
  4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作:常用的连词有as soon as,when,till,if。
  (1)They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams.
  A. have finished
  B. finish
  C. finished
  D. was finishing
  (答案:B)(1996年22题)
  (2)When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force.
  A. will heat
  B. will be heated
  C. is heated
  D. has heated
  (答案:C)(1992年59题)
  1.1.2 一般过去时
1、表示过去的动作或状态:常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8years old等。
  例:You've already missed too many classes this term .You _____ two classes just last week.
  A. missed
  B. would miss
  C. had missed
  D. have missed
  (答案:A。有具体的表示过去的时间状语要用过去时。)(1995年59题)
  2、used to do sth:过去常常做…(暗示现在不做了)
  例:I used to take a walk in the morning.
  我过去是在早晨散步。(意味着现在不在早晨散步了。)
  3、it is (high) time(that)…句型中,谓语动词用过去时。(这其实是个虚拟语气)
  例:Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?
  A. give up
  B. gave up
  C. would give up
  D. should give up
  (答案:B)(1999年31题)
  例:It’s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident.
  A. do
  B. will do
  C. did
  D. must do
  (答案:C)(1996年43题)
  4.would rather+句子(过去时/过去完成时)(这也是虚拟语气)
  例:I’d _____ you didn’t touch that, if you don’t mind.
  A. rather
  B. better
  C. happier
  D. further
  (答为案:A)(1998年45题)
  例:I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner.
  A. come
  B. would come
  C. came
  D. have come
  (答案为C)(2002年46题)
  1.1.3一般将来时
  1.will(shall)+原形动词:表示将来的动作或状态。
  例:He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。
  2.be going to +动词原形:表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要
做的事。
  例:Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗?
  3.be to +动词原形: 表示安排或计划好了的动作。
  例:The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.
    三环路将在国庆节前通车。
  4.be about to +动词原形:表示即将发生的动作。
  例:The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。
  5、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如:go ,come, start, arrive, leave 等的现在 进    行时可表示将来。
  例:(1)We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。
    (2)The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight. 外宾今晚到达济南。
  1.1.4过去将来时
  表示在过去预计将要发生的动作,常用于宾语从句。
  例:He wanted to know when the conference would start.
  他想知道会议何时开始。
  注:在时间或条件状语从句中,将来时要用一般时来表示。
  例:If you come here on time tomorrow, I will be very happy.
例:(1)They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams.
  A. have finished
  B. finish
  C. finished
  D. was finishing
  (答案:B)(1996年22题)
  例:(2)When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force.
  A. will heat
  B. will be heated
  C. is heated
  D. has heated
  (答案:C)(1992年59题)
例:(3) Smith is to study medicine as soon as he ______ military service.
A. will finish B. has finished C. finish  D.would finish
(选b, 1993年第40题)
例:(4)Please be sure to telephone me the nest time you ______.
A. will come  B. would come C. shall come  D. come  (D. 1993年第49题)
  1.1.5现在进行时
  1、表示此时此刻(说话时)正在进行的动作。
  例:The teacher is talking with his students. 这位老师正在同他的学生交谈。
  2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作,但此刻并不一定在进行。
  例:I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京参加一个会议。
  1.1.6过去进行时
  1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。
  例:He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.
  昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。
  2、when 和while 的用法
  (1)I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis.
  A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played
  (答案:A。连接词when 表示时间上的点,其所引导的句子用过去时,while 表示持续的一段时间,其所引导的句子用过去进行时。)(1998年43题)
  (2)When you _____ this over with her, you should not see her any more.
 A. talk B. talked C. will talk D. talking
  (答案为B)(1999年35题)
  (3)One of the guards _____ when the general came in, which made him very angry.
  A. has slept B. were sleeping C, slept D. was sleeping
(前半句用进行时+when+一般过去时:一件事情正在发生,突然又发生了另一件事)
  (答案为D)(1996年23题)
  3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作,同样,过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。
  例:He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning.
  他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。
  1.1.7现在完成时
  1、表示动作刚刚结束(常和just, now, already, yet等词连用);或表示动作的结果(一般不用时间状语)。
  (1)Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。(说明现在灯已经关上了)
  (2)I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。(说明过去某时丢的,现在我还没有到这支笔。)
  2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在,并且可能会继续延续下去(常用since引导的短语或从句,或由for 引导的短语连用)。
  (1)He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿已经三十年了。(现在还住在这儿)
  (2)They’ve known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识。(现在还继续来往)
  3、非延续性动词的完成时和it is(has been) +时间+since…..(过去时)
  英语中有些动词不能延续, 因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。
  (1)He has _____ the army for ten years and is now an officer.
  A. gone into
  B. joined in
  C. been in
  D. come into
  (答案:C。用现在完成时表示“继续”的概念时,只能用含有持续意义的动词,不可用瞬间性动词。Go into, join in以及come into 都是瞬间动词词组,不能与for ten years 搭配)(1995年49题)
  (2)It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .我离开上海已经三年了。
  (如果是非延续动词,这时常用 it is +时间+since 的句型代替,从句用过去时态。)
  4、have(has)been to 和have (has)gone to 的区别
  have(has )been to:去过某地(表示某人的一种经历),可以和once,twice,often,never,ever 连用。
  have(has)gone to:去某地了(表示某人已经离开此地,在去某地的路途上或已在某地,所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称),此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。
  (1)He has gone to America.(意思为他已经去了美国,现在不在此地)
  (2)He has been to America twice. 他去过美国两次。
5.如果句子中有in the past__ years 这样的词组,在主句中
的时态可以用现在完成时。
例:English _____ in a new way at my college in the past few years.
A. has been teaching  B. was Being taught  C. has been taught  D. had been taught
(1992年第60题)
  1.1.8过去完成时
  1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作(即过去的过去)。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。
  例:(1)About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _____ paper.
  A. invented
  B. had invented
  C. have invented
  D. had been invented
  (答案:B)(1997年35题)
例:(2)The chemistry class____ for five minutes when we hurried there.
A. had been on  B.was on  C. has been on  D. would be on
(选a, 1995年第24题)
  2、表示从过去某一时间开始,一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。
  例:The chemistry class _____ for five minutes when we hurried there.
  A. had been on
  B. was on
  C. has been on
  D. would be on
  (答案:A)(1995年24题)
  3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中,由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序,因此,主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示,而不用过去完成时。
  例:I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。
  4、过去完成时常用在no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…,一…就…。句型之中,句子到装。
  (1)No sooner had we sat down _____ we found it was time to go.
  A. than
  B. when
  C. as
  D. while
  (答案为A)(1997年50题)
  (2)Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.
  他刚打开门,蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。
  1.1.9将来完成时:表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。比如如果从句是by加上一个将来的时间,那么主句中就可以用这种形势。
  例:1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _____.
  A. will have
  B. leaves
  C. will have left
  D. is leaving
  (答案:C)(1995年25题)
 例: 2、I _____ writing the article by the time you get back.
  A. shall finish
  B. must have finished
  C. have finished
  D. shall have finished
  (答案:D) (2000年24题)
例:3、All the machines ____ by the end of the following week.
A. were repaired B. will be repaired C. have been repaired D. will have been repaired
(1993年第50题)
  1.1.10现在完成进行时:表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作,这个动作一般会继续延续下去,或是到说话时结束, 但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。
  例:I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.
 A. was knocking
  B. am knocking
  C. knocking
  D. have been knocking  (答案:D)(1998年49题)
2、被动语态
  考试重点:感官动词和使役动词的被动语态;动词短语的被动语态;情态动词的被动语态;用主动表示被动的含义。
  1.2.1感官动词及使役动词(如:see,feel,hear,watch,make,bid)在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补,改为被动语态时要加to。
  1、The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.
  A. came
  B. come
  C. to come
  D. have come
  (答案为C)(2000年58题)
  2、We were made to study harder. 我们被要求努力学习。
  1.2.2有些动词后面接一个介词或副词,构成短语。变被动语态时,短语动词做及物动词用。
  1、The children are well looked after. 这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。
  2、The doctor has been sent for. 已经派人去请大夫了。
  1.2.3情态动词的被动语态
  构成:情态动词+be+过去分词。
  1、The work must be finished before lunch. 这项工作必须在午饭前干完。
  2、Nothing can be seen from here. 从这儿什么也看不见。
  1.2.4用主动表示被动的含义
  常用:need/require +doing sth(=to be done)(此句型主语大多为物)
Need doing=need to be done
Require doing=require to be done
Be worth doing值得做(表示被动)
The place is worth visiting.这个地方值得旅游
You car needs repairing=your car need to be repaired.
  例:My room is a mess. It needs _____.
  A to be tidying up
  B. tidying up
  C. to tidy up
  D. tidied up  (答案为B)(2000年47题)
3.情态动词表示推测
情态动词must, can/could, may/might, need, should, ought to +动词原型/现在完成时。这个结构可以表示对一件事情的推测。前者表示对现在或将来的推测,后者表示对过去的推测。
1. 情态动词+do 表示对现在或将来的推测/判断
2. 情态动词+have done 表示对过去的推测/判断
不同的情态动词表示的含义是有所不同的。Must结构表示特别肯定的推测,几乎是肯定会发生的。
Can/could以及may/might的肯定程度不大。
1. Must 表示特表肯定的判断,所以一般不用在否定句/疑问句中
2. Can/could/may/might表示一种可能,可以用在否定句/疑问句中。
3. Should/ought to/need表示某事应该做但却没有做,或某事不应该做但却做了。
例:1、Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.
  A. must have received
  B. must have failed to receive
  C. must receive
  D. must fail to receive
  (答案:B)(1998年44题)
  例:2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.
  A. would三级 英语