第八单元 石油加工
Unit 8  Petroleum Processing
石油是有机物几千年自然变化生成的，在地下聚集很大的数量，石油被人类发现和使用。它用来满足人们的需要，石油是成千上万有机物组成的混合物，通过改变精炼和加工的方式生产不同的燃料。石油化工产品通过化学反应生产纯的化学物质。
Petroleum was produced by thousands of years’ natural change of organic. It gathered into a great amount in underground and it was discovered and used by human beings to satisfy their needs. Petroleum is a mixture of thousands of organic composition. By changing the methods of refining and processing, it was produced into different fuels. Petrochemical products produce pure chemicals by chemical reactions.
现代工业是连续的操作过程。首先，管式加热器加热原油，通过沸点分离这些物质，和间歇蒸馏得到的物质相似。但是这种分离方法更好。使用的程序包括分裂，聚合，加氢裂化，加氢处理，异构化，焦化处理。很多化学过程被设计用来改变沸点和分子结构。
Modern industry is a continuous operation process. First of all, tubular heaters heat the crude petroleum. Then separate these substances through the boiling point, which are similar to the substances via batch distillation. But this separation method is better. The process of usage includes split, polymerization, hydro cracking, hydro treating, isomerization and coking processing. A lot of chemical processes are designed to change the boiling point and molecular structure.
石油的组成
The composition of petroleum
原油是由几千种不同的化学物质组成，包括气体、液体、固体以及甲烷，沥青，大多数成分是烃类，但也含有氮，硫磺，氧化物。没有一种成分是在原油中大量存在的。
Petroleum is made up of thousands of different chemical materials, including gas, liquid, solid, methane and asphalt. Most of the ingredients is hydrocarbons, but they also contain nitrogen, sulfur and oxide. There isn’t a component existing in large amounts in the crude petroleum.
正链烷烃：这类物质占了含量比其他的多，许多直馏汽油主要成分是正链烷烃。他们的抗震性能差。
Alkanet: this kind of material is much more than others. Many straight-run gasoline’s main ingredients is alkanet. Their seismic performance is poor.
异构烷烃：含有支链的烷烃有更好的抗震性能，因此，被人广泛使用。它们由催化重整，烷基化，异构化制备。它在原油中含量少。
Isomerization alkanet: it contains a chain of alkanet, which has a better seismic performance. Therefore, it’s widely used. They are made by catalytic reforming, alkylation and isomerization preparation. Its content in crude petroleum is little.
烯烃：原油中不存在烯烃，但是加工过程中可以产生，例如裂化。这种分子结构不稳定，但它能改变汽油的抗爆性，虽然他的抗爆性能比异构的差，在储罐内容易催化裂化，这是我们所不希望的。我们可以利用这个反应的附加反应制成其他的石化产品。例如，乙烯、丙烯、丁烯，裂化汽油后产生大量这类物质。
Olefins: crude petroleum doesn’t exist in olefins, but processing process can produce it, such as cracking. This molecular structure is not stable, but it can change the anti-explosion of gasoline. Though its anti-explosion is not as good as heterogeneous and it’s easy to explode in the tank , this is what we do not want to see. We can make use of the additional reaction of this reaction to produce other petrochemical products. Cracking gas produced a great deal of this kind of material such as ethylene, propylene, and dinitramine.
环状化合物
Cricoids compounds
环烷烃：这类物质与萘类相似，它们有相同的化学式，例如烯烃，但是没有烯烃那么不稳定和易于反应，因为他们分子构造趋于饱和，像烷烃那样不易反应。低分子量的这类物质是很好的燃料，高分子量的主要用做汽油和润滑油。
石油加工Cycloparafin hydrocarbon: It is similar to naphthalene. They have the same patent, for example olefins, but it’s more stable and more difficulty to react than olefins. Due to their m
olecular structure tends to saturation, just like Alkenes, they are not easy to react. This kind of material with low molecular is a very good fuel while the ones with high molecular are mainly used as gasoline and petroleum.
芳香烃：天然原油中此类物质比较少，他们的效果很好，他们有很高的抗震性、稳定性等等。许多芳香族化合物通过精炼制备。例如笨、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯。
Aromatics: This substance is less natural petroleum, their effect very good, they have high extent, stability, etc. Many aromatic compounds is preparation by refining. Such as, stupid, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene.
含量少的物质：人们认为硫磺不是理想物质。他有很强的气味，他是有毒气体，使用它之前要先除气味。这种物质有很多缺点。目前，含氮化合物比含含硫化合物的问题少。
Content less material: people think sulfur is not ideal material. it has a strong smell, it is toxic gases, it must remove smells before used. This matter has many faults. At present, nitrogen compounds cause fewer problems than sulfur compounds,are less objectionable,and are generally ignored.
原油分布很广，每种都要不同的提炼过程，常用方法是蒸馏。根据残余物来区分石蜡基、沥青和混合基。
Crude petroleum's distribution is very wide, each kind need different refining process, commonly used method is distilled.The terms paraffin base,asphalt,and mixed base on are often applied to differentiate crudes on the basis of the residues produced after simple distillation.
纯化合物没有分离提炼过程。低分子化合物单独加工成石化产品。
Pure compounds are not regularly separate. Low molecular are isolated for processing  into petrochemical products.
随着市场变化，石化产品制造中使用材料不断变化。如何低成本的生产成为一个问题。在早期，乙炔被广泛应用，但是它难以制造和储存，因此乙炔成为主要天然材料。乙炔目前被用于液化石油气、石脑油、汽油、柴油、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷。煤很快将被探索。
As market changes, Use material changes in petrochemical products manufacturing.How t
o low-cost production became a problem. In the early days, acetylene is widely used, but it is difficult to manufacture and storage, therefore acetylene become major natural materials.Acetylene is used to liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline, diesel oil, ethane, propane and butane. Coal will soon be researched.
乙烯的数量很大在世界上，生产条件是精炼，一些机器有很大的生产能力，年产量7×108Kg。
Ethylene have a lot in the world, its production conditions is refining, some machines have great production ability, the annual output is 7 x 108Kg.