限制性定语从句与⾮限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句提供有关主语或宾语的重要信息，起限定作⽤，与被修饰部分的关系紧密，如果省略该从句会使主句语义表达不完整。例如：This is the very person that is wanted by the police.
He is the man who /that lives next door.
It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.
⾮限制性定语从句只是⽤来对被修饰部分作补充性的说明，与先⾏词关系⽐较松散，先⾏词与从句间可以⽤逗号隔开，从句可略去：
He will not be able to spend the holiday with his family, which is a big annoyance to him.
The minister, who is to visit our university, is said to be a Qinghua University graduate.
The book, which your sister bought you in Xinhua Bookstore, is
very useful in improving your spoken English.
The businessman, whose suitcase has been found by a stranger,has left for Beijing.
如果定语从句的先⾏词是专有名词或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指⽰代词(this, that, etc)作限定词的名词词组，其后的定语从句通常为⾮限制性的。例如：
The Thames, which is now clean enough to swim in, was polluted for over a hundred years.
My mother, who has been on a visit to Australia, will fly back tomorrow.
All of these books, which have been donated by visiting
professors, are to be used by the children in Hope School.
限制性定语从句的先⾏词只能是名词，代词或名词性词组，⽽⾮限制性定语从句的先⾏词除了是名词及名词性词组外，还可能是句⼦的⼀部分或是整个句⼦。例如：
They say he plays truant, which he doesn’t. [which指代plays truant]
The meeting was put off till next month, as we hoped. [as指前⾯的句⼦]
下⾯的表格归纳了前⾯已提到的两者不同之处：
表⼀：限制性定语从句与⾮限制性定语从句的区别
3.2 定语从句中的关系代词
3.2.1 关系代词that, which, who在定语从句中做主语
在限制性定语从句中，who或that⽤于指⼈，that或which⽤于指物，它们在定语从句中代替名词性主语或代词性主语，不能省略。例如：He is the man who/that lives here.[不能说：×He is the man who he lives here.]
The bag which／that has been put there for a long time belongs to Wang Hong．
3.2.2 who(m), which, that在定语从句中作宾语
表⽰⼈的时候⽤who(m)或that, 它们在从句中代替名词性宾语或宾格代词，作定语从句宾语的whom/that通常可以省略，在⼝语中常⽤who代替whom。例如：
He’s the man whom/ that I met.
There are some people here who I want you to meet.
表⽰动物和东西的时候应⽤which/that:
The pieces of music (that)he has composed are sung by many pop singers.
Taxes consist of money (that) people pay to support their government.
限制性从句
They’re the postcards which I sent from America.
3.2.3 who(m), which或 that作介词的宾语，关系代词可省略。
定语从句的介词的位置⾮常重要，我们可以说：
He is the person to whom I wrote. [⾮常正式⽤法] (但不可以说：×to who).
或：He is the person who(m)I wrote to. /He is the person (whom)
I wrote to.
This is the pan in which I boiled the milk. [⾮常正式⽤法] 或：This is the pan which I boiled the milk in. / This is the pan (that/which) I boiled the milk in.
3.2.4 whose + 名词
关系代词whose是既可⽤于限制性定语从句，也可⽤于⾮限制性定语从句，在从句中作定语，⼀般⽤来指⼈，代替所有格形容词（my, his, your, her, its等），在从句中当定语，没有阴性、阳性或单数、复数的变化；有时也可指物，指物时可以⽤of which 代替。例如：
The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr.
Williams.
The bicycle whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. =The bicycle, the brake of which was damaged, has now been
repaired.
Edison is a great inventor whose fame is world-wide.
3.2.5 that的⽤法
1、that只⽤于限制性定语从句，既可指⼈，⼜可指物，在句中⽤做主语或宾语。（见3.2.1、3.2.2）
2、当先⾏词是all，much，little, the one, anything, something, nothing,
everything, none等不定代词时，关系代词只⽤that。例如：
There is little that can be done about it.
That's all that I knew about it .
Is there anything that I can do for you ?
Have you done everything that is assigned to you ?
3、先⾏词被形容词最⾼级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very 等词修饰时，关系代词只⽤that 。例如：It is the most interesting film that I’ve ever read .
The best thing that he could do at present is to leave.
This is the first time that he has been there .
She is the only one that has finished her task on time .
At the very beginning, we have just too much work that needs to
be done .
4、在there be 句型中，只⽤that, 不⽤which 。例如：
There are some people that I’d like to introduce to you .
There is a very interesting story that every child would like
to listen to .
5、先⾏词既有⼈，⼜有物时，⽤that 。例如：
A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death,
harm, etc .
The man and his dog that were napping outside the room were
photographed by the journalist.
6、在“It is + 名词 + 定语从句 1 + 定语从句2”的强调结构中，从句2要⽤ that 。例如：
It is always the mouth which talks too much that incurs troubles .
（⾔多必失。）
It is only a man who is quite experienced that can fulfill this
task .
3.2.6 which 的⽤法
1、which ⼀般只⽤于指物(a)，有时也⽤来指性别不明的婴⼉(b)。例如：
a: The tiles which fell off the roof caused serious damage.
b: The baby which the nurse has just brought in is John’s child.
2、如果指物的关系代词紧跟在介词后⾯，只能⽤which ，不能⽤that 。例如：
This is the house in which she spent her childhood.
The agency from which we bought our tickets is bankrupt.
3、引导⾮限制性定语从句时，⽤来指物替代名词词组。例如：
This book, which has only been reviewed, was published a year ago.
4、替代整个句⼦或句⼦的⼀部分：
The meeting has been put off till next Friday,which is good news to them. (指代整个主句)
She said that her son would become a scientist, which we thought possible. (指代that分句)
She is very attentive in class, which he rarely is. (指代整个短语)
3.2.7 as的⽤法
1、as引导限制性定语从句时，常与such或the same连⽤，构成the same…as;
such…as结构，as⽤于代替指⼈或物的先⾏词。例如：
I have never eaten such tasty foods as she cooked me.
Such books as there were on the shelf interested us.
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
试⽐较the same…as和the same…that：
This is the same book as I read last week.（这和我上周读的那本书是⼀样的。）
This is the same book that I read last year.（这就是我上周读的那本书。）
如果先⾏词表⽰抽象概念，则没有这种区别，例如：
She told me the same story as/that she had told you.
I had the same difficulty that/as you had last year.
在as／so…as结构中，后⾯的as也是关系代词，例如：
We took as many men as could be permitted to attend the meeting.
You can stay here as long as you like.
Things do not go on as smoothly as we hoped.
2、引导⾮限制性定语从句
关系代词as引导⾮限制性定语从句时，⽤于代替整个主句，意思是“正如”，相当于 and this或 and that。as从句位置较之which 引导的⾮限制性定语从句更加灵活，因⽽as从句既可以指前⾯提到的内容，也可以指后⾯将要提到的内容，which⼀般在主句后。例如：
As is mentioned abov e, this method aims at improving the
students’ ability in a more effective way.
The test is cancelled, as you have hoped.
The test, as you have hoped, is cancelled.
A semiconductor material, as the name indicates, has poorer
conductivity than a conductor.
▲注：as代表前⾯的整个主句并在从句中做主语时表达的意思应与主句⼀致，⽽且从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为⾏为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能⽤which.例如：
He failed to pass the exam again, as is predicted.
He failed to pass the exam again, which annoyed his mother greatly.
记住以下的as结构：
as is known to all (众所周知)，as is often the case (情况常常如此)，as the name Indicates／suggests (顾名思义)，as may be imagined (可以想象得出)，as often happens (这种情况常常发⽣)，as has bee
n said before (如前所述)，as has been pointed out (正如已经指出的)，as will be shown in ( 将在…中指出)，as is hoped ( 正如所希望的)
3.2.8 but的⽤法
but⽤作关系代词相当于who…not，which…not，that…not。but既可指⼈，也可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。but 本⾝含“否定”
的意思，它前⾯的主句通常有“否定”的词, 如：(no，not， little，few，hardly等). but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连⽤，
达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。例如：
There is no mother but loves her own children. (=There is no
mother that／who does not love her own children.)[主语] There is scarcely a good movie but he has seen.(=that he has not seen). [宾语]
There is never a friend but he remembers the birthday of. [介词宾语]
Who is there but commits errors？[but间或也可⽤在疑问句后]
There is no man but errs. =There is no man who does not err. [主
语]
What he saw in those places but was not miserable（but=which was
not）(他所到之处，看到的均是凄惨不已的景象。)[主语]
There are very few but admire his talents.（很少有⼈不赞赏他的才⼲的。But=who don’t）[主语]
but结构有时可省略。例如：
(There is)No rule but has exceptions.
(There are）Few books but have a misprint or two.
3.2.9 than的⽤法
关系代词than⼀般⽤于含有⽐较级的句⼦中，兼有连词和代词的性质。例如：
You spent more money than was intended to be spent.
She has done much more work than was required of her.
The question is more complicated than appears on the surface.
3.3 介词 + 关系代词
“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句既可以是限制性定语从句，⼜可以是⾮限制性定语从句，“介词+关系代词”在从句中做主语、宾语、状语、定语等，介词的选择则要根据它与其先⾏词的关系或前后名词、动词等的搭配关系来决定，同时还应该考虑句⼦在上下⽂中要表达的意思。
3.3.1“介词 + which／whom／whose”
这时应注意介词与句中短语的搭配。例如：
The problem with which I have trouble has now been solved.
Oil, of which there are several different types, is used for
many purposes by countries all over the world.
The man, because of whose help the murderer was caught by the
police, is coming to our school tomorrow.
介词放在关系代词之前的形式的定语从句较之将介词⾄于从句之末的定语从句正式，因此多⽤于书⾯语当中，但在⼝语中有时也会出现；或者将介词后置，或在介词后置后⽤ that（⼈、物）／who（⼈）代替 which／whom，并且that可省略。例如；
Can you lend me a pen or pencil with which I can write?
Can you lend me a pen or pencil that/ which I can write with?
Can you lend me a pen or pencil (that) I can write with?
Who is the man to whom you were talking?
Who is the man whom/that/who you were talking to?
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