非限定性定语从句与限制性定语从句讲解与练习
定语从句知识点讲解一
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系限制性从句
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从
句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that)I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大
楼是一家超市。(作主语)The film (which)we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who,whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)Who is the teacher (whom)Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:
(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+whic h/whom”结构。
例如:This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。
例如:This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。
例如:The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c.先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last,little,few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.
例如:There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that,those时,用which,而不用that.
例如:What’s that which is under the desk?在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.
例如:This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which,而不用that.
例如:Tom came back,which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。
例如:This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。
例如:This is the place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。
例如:Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
六.限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语是指定语从句紧跟它所修饰的中心名词或代词之后,没有逗号分开。
2.引导词:分为关系代词和关系副词。
(1)关系代词引导的定语从句:
that:指代人、事物,作主语、宾语,做宾语时可以省略
who:指代人,做主语
whom:指代人,做宾语,可以省略。它在口语和非正式用语中常用who代替,可以省略
The man who\whom you met just now is my brother.
which:指代事物,做主语、宾语。做宾语可以省略
whose:指代人、物,做定语,其后直接加名词
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
指物时常用以下结构代替:
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
——The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired
(2)关系副词引导的定语从句:
where:指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
Shai hai is the city where I was born\
The house where I live ten years ago has been pulled down
when: 指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语
I still remember the day when I first came to the school
why: 指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane
注意:
关系副词引导的定语从句都可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来代替