摘要
摘要
苹果（Malus domestica Borkh.）新品种选育的方法与途径较多，其中杂交育种是最为有效的方法。目前，在育种研究中“少组合、大体”的育种策略被广泛应用，苹果育种体普遍较大。相较于小体而言，大体育种的工作量增加数倍，其中复选阶段果实性状的评价工作难度最大。为提高育种研究的效率，本研究选用‘富士’ב嘎拉’、‘富士’ב金冠’、‘富士’ב秦冠’和‘富士’ב粉红女士’4个杂交组合的部分杂交后代体为试材，于2018年和2019年的8月~11月，采用感官评价和仪器测定相结合的方式，对复选过程中的果实品质性状进行分级鉴评。按三级选择淘汰方法确定评价指标，分批淘汰后代个体，并统计淘汰比率。旨在简化果实性状评价指标，优化果实性状评价方法，为简化苹果“大体”杂交育种程序、提高选择效率提供依据。取得的主要研究结果如下：
1.对4个杂交组合F1代的果实外观性状和内在品质性状进行感官评价和测定分析。结果表明，果形、颜、果锈、果肉质地、果肉粗细、汁液多少等感官指标在4个组合的杂交后代中分离广泛，单果重、可溶性固形物、果肉硬度等理化指标，在4个组合的杂交后代中均呈现两端少、中间多的分布状态，属于表型连续变异的数量性状，但颜不符合数量性状遗传特点。在连续两年的调查期间，各性状的遗传变异稳定。
2.果实性状评价方法的优化。对评价指标进行整理分析，并建立了果实性状三级评价体系：一级评价以果锈、异味作为评价指标，主要淘汰果实有明显缺陷的植株；二级评价以光洁度、着程度、质地、风味作为评价指标，香气为辅助选择指标，
淘汰果实主要品质性状表现较差的植株；三级评价以感官综合评价为主，同时结合果肉硬度和可溶性固形物两个理化指标，对淘汰后选留的优系进行同熟期对比优选。
3.将杂交后代的复选淘汰率阈值定为95%。利用2018年、2019年的杂交后代果实性状调查数据，对评价指标的合理性和分级评价方法的可行性进行验证。结果表明，通过“阶梯式”分级选择评价后，‘富士’ב嘎拉’、‘富士’ב金冠’、‘富士’ב秦冠’和‘富士’ב粉红女士’4个组合可分别淘汰96.94%、98.39%、99.56%和95.74%的单株。
关键词：苹果；杂交体；果实性状；感官评价；淘汰率
西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文
ABSTRACT
There are many ways to select new varieties of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), among which cross breeding is the most effective method. At present,the breeding strategy of “less combination and larger group” is widely used in breeding research, and the apple breeding group is generally larger. Compared with the small group, the workload of the large group of breeding has increased several times, and the evaluation of fruit traits in the re-selection stage is the most difficult. In order to improve the efficiency of breeding research, this study selected parts of the four cross combinations of ‘Fuji’ × ‘Gala’, ‘Fuji’ × ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Fuji’ × ‘Qinguan’and ‘Fuji’ × ‘Cripps Pink’ the progeny of the cr
oss are test materials. From August to November in 2018 and 2019, a combination of sensory evaluation and instrumental measurement was used to evaluate the fruit quality traits during the re-selection process. According to the three-level selection and elimination method to determine the evaluation index, the individual hybrid offsprings are eliminated in batches, and the elimination rate is counted.The aim is to simplify the evaluation indexes of fruit traits and optimize the evaluation methods of fruit traits, so as to provide a basis for simplifying the cross-breeding procedure of apple “large group” and improving the selection efficiency. The main research results obtained are as follows:
毛阿敏老公个人资料
1. Sensory evaluation and measurement analysis of fruit appearance traits and intrinsic quality traits of the F1generation of four hybrid combinations were perform. The results showed that the sensory indicators such as fruit shape, color, fruit rust, flesh texture, flesh roughness, juiciness etc. were widely separated in the hybrid offspring of the four combinations. Physical and chemical indexes, such as weight of single fruit, soluble solid and flesh hardness, all showed a distribution state of less at both ends and more at the middle in the hybrid offspring of the four combinations, which is a quantitative trait of continuous variation of phenotype, but the color does not conform to the genetic characteristics of quantitative traits. During the two consecutive years of investigation, the genetic variation of each trait was stable.
2. Optimization of fruit character evaluation methods. The evaluation indicators were sorted and analyzed, and a three-level evaluation system for fruit traits was established: the primary evaluation used fruit rust and off-flavor as evaluation
indicators, and the plants with obvious defects are mainly eliminated; the secondary evaluation used smoothness, coloring degree, texture, flavor as an evaluation index, aroma is used as an auxiliary selection index
ABSTRACT
to eliminate plants with poor performance of the main quality traits of the fruit; the tertiary evaluation is mainly focuses on comprehensive sensory evaluation, and combines two physical and chemical indicators of pulp hardness and soluble solids. The best lines are compared with the same maturity period.
3. The threshold of the selection rate of cross generation was set at 95%. Using the survey data of fruit traits of hybrid offspring in 2018 and 2019, the rationality of the evaluation index and the feasibility of the grading evaluation method were verified. The results showed that after the selection and evaluation by the “staircase” classification,the hybrid single plants of four combinations of ‘Fuji’ × ‘Gala’, ‘Fuji’ × ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Fuji’ × ‘Qinguan’and ‘Fuji’ × ‘Cripps Pink’ can be eliminated by 96.94%, 98.39%, 99.56% and 95.74% , respectively.
KEY WORDS: Malus domestica, hybrid populations, fruit characters, evaluation methodology, elimination rate
目录
目录
摘要 (I)
ABSTRACT (II)
第一章文献综述 (1)
1.1 引言 (1)
1.2 苹果育种方法概述 (1)
1.3 国内外苹果杂交育种研究现状与进展 (2)
1.3.1 国外苹果杂交育种研究现状与进展 (2)
1.3.2 国内苹果杂交育种研究现状与进展 (3)
1.4 苹果杂交后代果实性状评价方法 (5)
1.5 本研究的目的与意义 (6)
第二章材料与方法 (8)
2.1 试验材料 (8)
2.2 果实性状评价体系构建 (9)
2.3 试验仪器 (9)
2.4 试验方法 (9)
2.4.1 采样方法 (9)
2.4.2 果实性状感官评价方法 (9)
2.4.3 果实性状仪器测定方法 (14)
2.4.4 杂交后代果实性状分级评价方法 (14)
2.4.5 数据统计分析 (15)
第三章结果与分析 (16)
3.1 苹果杂交F1代果实性状遗传趋势分析 (16)
3.1.1 杂交后代果实成熟期的变异 (16)
3.1.2 杂交后代果实性状感官评价 (18)
3.1.3 杂交后代果实品质性状分析 (26)
3.2 苹果果实性状各级评价指标的确定 (35)
3.2.1 一级评价指标选择 (36)
3.2.2 二级评价指标选择 (36)
3.2.3 三级评价指标选择 (36)
3.3 评价指标合理性及分级评价方法可行性的验证 (36)
3.3.1 果实性状一级评价 (37)
西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文
3.3.2 果实性状二级评价 (37)
3.3.3 果实性状三级评价 (38)
第四章讨论 (39)
4.1 苹果果实性状的遗传特性 (39)
4.2 苹果杂交F1代果实性状评价指标及方法 (40)
4.3 苹果大体杂交育种效率的提高 (41)
第五章结论 (44)
参考文献 (45)
附录 (52)
致谢 (61)
个人简历 (62)