“ 公共卫生学科的魅力就在于理性的抽丝剥茧，细致的追本溯源！”
李晓峰女演员个人资料昨天我们从病毒本身的角度对话了世界级公共卫生专家，今天接着从疾病爆发的角度来聆听这些精彩的问答！
（走进公共卫生的殿堂）
01
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Pandemic '大流行’是啥个意思？
问题1：When does an outbreak become a pandemic? （疫情是什么时候变化为大流行的？）回答者：Eric S. Toner
The word pandemic literally means “all people” in Greek. But clearly not all people become 鸡肉肠
sick even in the worst pandemics. Epidemiologists typically mean an infectious disease epidemic that has spread or is spreading globally.
Usually we referto a pandemic only when it involves a new disease. So, for example, we talk about an influenza pandemic when there is a new strain of flu spreading around the world. In contrast, we do not refer to the global outbreak of seasonal influenza as a pandemic because the strains are not new.
There is no strict definition of when an epidemic becomes a pandemic—but usually it means that the disease is actively spreading on several continents with likely continued spread to other continents.
大流行这个词的希腊文原意是指'所有人’。但是在历史上就算是最严重的疫情爆发也没有出现所有人都生病的情况。所以流行病学专家眼里的'大流行’是指疾病在流行病学上已经或者正在全球传播。
通常我们使用'大流行’这个词的时候往往是因为有一种新的疾病出现，所以，举例来说，当
山东特菜我们说到流感大流行时，往往说的是流感病毒新的谱系在全球范围内出现了。相反，我们从来没有讲季节性流感是'大流行’，因为这些病毒谱系已经是发现了的，并不新鲜。
实际上专家并没有对流行病学时间转化为'大流行’进行严格的定义，但是通常是指这种疾病正在积极地在几个大陆传播，而且似乎还会继续向其它大陆传播。
（西班牙流感：Pandemic）
Eric S. Toner, MD is a Senior Scholar with the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security and a Senior Scientist in the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering. He is an internist and emergency physician.
埃里克 托纳医生，约翰霍普金斯健康安全中心的高级学者，约翰霍普金斯大学彭博公共学院环境健康与安全系高级科学家。同时也是内科医生/急诊科医生。
（埃里克 托纳医生）
02
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为什么说野生动物是新冠病毒的源头？
问题2：Why are wild animals believed to be the source of this outbreak? （为什么我们会认为野生动物会是这次爆发的源头？）回答者：Sonia Shah
国庆调休2022（野生动物本与我们的生活很远！）
About 60% ofnewly emerged and re-emerging pathogens share a common origin: the bodies ofanimals. Genetic and epidemiological evidence suggest that the novelcoronavirus, like SARS, may have emerged from a so-called “wet market,” wherewild species that would rarely encounter each other in nature are crammedtogether, allowing microbes to spread between species and into humans.
But such marketsare only part of the problem. The loss of wildlife habitat around the worldmore generally is forcing wild species to cram into closer proximity to humansettlements. Bats, for example, have been fingered as the source of Ebola,SARS,
and a host of other pathogens. When we cut down the forests where theylive, they come roost in our backyards and farms instead. It’s this kind ofnovel, intimate contact that provides opportunities for the microbes that livein their bodies to spread into ours.
大约60%的新发病原菌以及再度出现的病原菌都有一个共同的来源：动物的尸体。根据遗传学证据以及流行病学证据，新型冠状病毒与SARS病毒一样，来自所谓的农贸市场，在这里，那些在自然界里很少相遇的野生动物种类被满满的挤满市场，这就给微生物在不同动物种属以及人类之间传播提供了条件。
但是这样的农贸市场只是问题的一部分。更真实的原因是世界上供野生动物生活的栖息地正变得越来越少，这就逼迫这些动物向着靠近人类聚居地的方向移动。例如，蝙蝠，已经被指认为埃博拉病毒、SARS病毒以及一些列其它病原体的宿主，正在选择人类的后院作为栖息地。就是这种新型的，亲密的人类与野生动物之间的接触，给原来生长于野生动物的病原菌侵入人体的大量机会。
Sonia Shah is ascience journalist and author of Pandemic: tracking contagions from cholera toEbola and beyond. Her new book, The Next Great Migration: the Beauty and Te
rrorof Life on the Move, will be published in June 2020.
索尼娅 沙哈，科学新闻工作者/大流行著作作家：持续跟踪类似到埃博拉等病毒微生物。她的新书：下一次伟大的迁移：美丽与可怕的生命移动，将于2020年6月发布。
（索尼娅 沙哈 科技新闻工作者）
03
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风险沟通使我们需要学习的一课！
（风险沟通不简单知识辟谣！）
问题3：What does successful risk communications look like? （成功的风险沟通是什么样的？）回答者：Amanda McClelland
“When you think of containing an epidemic, from Ebola to coronavirus, labs and disease
surveillance are often top of mind. Risk communications, however, is a key aspect in shaping the course of an epidemic, and how prepared people are to combat it.
People need timely, accurate and easy-to-understand information that encourages protective behavior without inciting panic. Information based on the changing risk of transmission and not politics, fear or stigma is critical.王心凌 初夜
As coronavirus spreads, government, media and others need to elevate accurate information sources and built community trust while combatting misinformation.”
当你在思考如何限制一起流行病学事件的时候，比如从埃博拉病毒到冠状病毒，实验室以及疾病监护可能占据着你大脑最有利的位置。实际上风险沟通工作才是控制流行病学事件的关键点，这是帮助人们准备好与疾病战斗的过程。
人们需要及时、准确、通俗易懂的信息来鼓励有效的保护行为，而一定不是引起过度恐慌。提供这些信息时首先要考虑的就是如何帮助减少传染疾病的风险，其它因素并不是关键。
在冠状病毒传播的过程中，政府、媒体以及其它各个方面应当团结起来评估准确的信息来源，建立整个社区的互信与各种谣言做斗争。
（一个风险沟通的案例）
Amanda McClelland is the Senior Vice President, Prevent Epidemics at Resolve to Save Lives an Initiative of Vital Strategies, and has more than 15 years of experiencein international public health management and emergency response.
阿曼达 麦克利兰 关键策略旗下拯救生命解决方案预防流行病高级副总裁，拥有15年国际公共卫生事件管理及紧急事件响应的经验。
（Amanda McClelland）
04
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专家们是如何侦查到疾病的源头？谢霆锋影帝
（流行病学界的福尔摩斯）
问题4：How do disease detectives find the source of an outbreak like this? （病原学侦探们是如何到疾病爆发的源头的？）回答者：Michael Mina
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