英文写作： 中华传统文化之四大发明
一、请将下面这段话翻译成英文：
第一个指南针产生于战国时期(the Warring States Period)，是利用天然磁石(natural magnet)来辨别方向的一种简单仪器。
姜志焕主演的电视剧火药发明于隋唐时期，主要应用于军事领域，造纸术于东汉年间由蔡伦改进，使纸成为人们普遍使用的书写材料。印刷术，又称活字印刷术，大大促进了文化的传播。四大发明对世界经济的发展和人类文化的进步做出了巨大的贡献。
【参考翻译】
Four great inventions of China include the compass, gun powder, the paper-making technique and the printing technique. They are one of the marks that China occupies an important position in the history of human civilization.The first compass was invented during the Warring States Period. It was a simple device employing natural magnets to identify directions. Gunpowder was invented in Sui and Tang Dyn快乐大本营阮经天
asties and was mainly used in military areas. The paper-making technique was developed by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty, making paper a commonly used writing material. The Printing technique, also called movable type printing, promoted the spread of culture significantly. Thefour great inventions of China made tremendous contribution to the development of the world's economy and the progress of the culture of mankind.
二、翻译：四大发明中国新年习俗
六级练习题
（2013年12月卷四）
中国以引进新的方式方法来改变人类的生活而著称。在古代中国的诸多发明中，有四项发明不仅对中国的发展改变做出了重大贡献，而且也对世界的经济文化发展做出了重大贡献。古代中国的四大发明是造纸术、印刷术、火药和指南针。中国的四大发明为全人类的经济和文化发展贡献极大，也是中国作为世界文明古国的重要象征。
【参考译文】
China is well known for its introduction of ways and means to help ease the life of mankind. Among t
中长发发型扎法he inventions of Ancient China, four emerged as great contributions to the developments and changes not only to the country, but also to the world’s economy and culture. The Great Four Inventions of ancient China were papermaking, commercial printing, gunpowder, and the compass. China’s four great ancient inventions made tremendous contributions to the world’s economy and the culture of mankind. They were also important symbols of China’s role as a great world civilization.
（2013年12月卷二）
闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6,000多公里，得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器（porcelain）也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的, 欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需求。
【参考译文1】
The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of roads connecting the East and the West. It is more than 6,000 kilometers, getting its name from ancient China’s silk trade. The trade on the Silk Road played an important role in the
civilization anddevelopment of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East, for it was through the Silk Road that the four great inventions of ancient China --- papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing --
- were spread around the world. And Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world as well. The exchanges of material culture are mutual: Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market.
【参考译文2】
The Silk Road, known all over the world, is a series of
routes whichconnects the East and the West. Expanding over 6,000 kilometres long, the Silk Road was named after the ancient Chinese silk trade. The Silk Road trade played an important part in China, South Asia, Europe and Middle East. It was through the Silk Road that ancient China’s four
greatest inventions, papermaking, gunpowder, the compass and
printing,spread all over the world. Equally, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread across the world through the Silk Road. The exchanges of material civilizations are interrelated, andEurope exp
orted all kinds of goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market.
附：Four great inventions of ancient China
中国古代四大发明
The Four Great Inventions (simplified Chinese: 四大发明; traditional Chinese: 四大發明) are inventions from ancient China that are celebrated in Chinese
culture for their historical significance and as symbols of ancient China's
advanced science and technology.
四大发明（the Four Great Inventions of ancient China）具有很重要的历史意义（historical significance），是古代中国先进的科学技术（advanced science and technology）的象征。
The Four Great Inventions are:
藕种植Compass
Gunpowder
Papermaking
Printing
These four discoveries had a large impact on the development of civilization throughout the world. However, some modern Chinese scholars have opined that other Chinese inventions were perhaps more sophisticated and had a greater impact on Chinese civilization – the Four Great Inventions serve merely to highlight the technological interaction between East and West.
罗盘 ，指南针 compass
A lodestone compass was used in China during the Han Dynasty between the 2nd century BCE and 1st century CE, where it was called the "south-governor" (sīnán 司南). It was not used for navigation, but rather
for geomancy and fortune-telling. The earliest reference to a magnetic device used for navigation is in a Song Dynasty book dated to 1040-1044, where there is a description of an iron "south-pointing fish" floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself to the south. The device is recommended as a means of orientation "in the obscurity of the night." The first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of 1088.
For most of Chinese history, the compass that remained in use was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water. According
to Needham, the Chinese in the Song Dynasty and continuing Yuan Dynasty did make use of a dry compass, although this type never became as widely used in China as the wet compass.
The dry compass used in China was a dry suspension compass, a wooden frame crafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside down by a board, with the lodestone sealed in by wax, and if rotated, the needle at the tail would always point in the northern cardinal direction. Although the 14th-century European compass-card in box frame and dry pivot needle was adopted in China after
its use was taken by Japanese pirates in the 16th century (who had in turn learned of it from Europeans), the Chinese design of the suspended dry compass persisted in use well into the 18th century.
During the Warring States period (475-221 BC), a device called a Si Nan became the forerunner of the compass. A Si Nan was a ladle-like magnet on a plate with the handle of the ladle pointing to the south. Great
progress was made in compass-making in the Song Dynasty(960–1279 AD), when it greatly stimulated the development of the shipping industry.
Later, the Arabians and Persians learned to make compasses from the
ancient Chinese and introduced them to the European countries.
早在战国时期（公元前475-221），一个名为司南的装置成了指南针的前身。司南是一个瓢状的磁体置于盘上，瓢的手柄指向南方。指南针的突破式改进出现在宋朝（公元960-1279），大大促进了当时航运业的发展。后来，阿拉伯人和波斯人从中国古人学得如何制作罗盘，并将其传至欧洲国家。
compass 指南针，罗盘
买房退契税怎么一回事退多少a device for finding direction which has a needle which can move easily
and the needle always points to the north
指南针是用来判别方向的装备，带有一个指针（needle），可以轻松地移动，指针一直指着北方。
magnet ['mægnɪt] n. 磁铁；[电磁] 磁体；磁石
magnet ball 磁球
magnetic [mæg'nɛtɪk] adj. 地磁的；有磁性的；有吸引力的
magnetic field 磁场
magnetic voice 磁性的嗓音
magnetism ['mægnә'tɪzәm] n. 磁性，磁力；磁学；吸引力
火药 gunpowder
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