不定式for结构与of结构的区别
先请看以下两个句子:
美白面膜哪个牌子好It is difficult for a young man to speak of his view of life.
年轻人畅谈自己的人生观是困难的。
It is kind of you to help me.
谢谢你帮助我。
不难看出,这两句中的it都是形式主语,介词for和of都是用来引起不定式的逻辑主语。
第一句中不定式to speak of his view of life的逻辑主语是 a young man;
第二句中不定式to help me 的逻辑主语是you。
为了行文方便,我们不妨把上面第一句中的斜体部分叫做不定式for结构,把第二句中的斜体部分叫做不定式of结构。
这两种结构在句中的用法是有区别的,其区别主要表现在以下几个方面。
一.不定式for结构在句子中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。
例如:
How would it be for you to take charge of this class?
你负责这个班怎么样?(主语)
I’d like for you to come here.
我很想你来这儿(宾语)
The first thing would be for us to look for a shelter since it was raining so heavily. 雨下得这么大,要紧的事是我们个避雨的地方。(表语)
There is a lot of work for us to do.
刘涛的女儿我们有很多工作要做。(定语)
The word is too difficult for me to pronounce well.
这个词的发音太难了,我发不准。(状语)
而不定式of结构在句子中只能用作主语。例如:
It’s nice of you to invite me.
你邀请我,你真好。
It’s awfully good you of to come to see me off at the station.
你来车站送我,太好了。
二.在有不定式for结构的句子中,作表语的形容词大都是表示事物性质的,如difficult, easy, heavy, important, necessary, possible等。这些形容词与for后的名词(或代词)的关系不密切,无意义上的主表关系;反之, 它们与句中的不定式或
李小璐疑将女儿改名整个不定式for结构关系却十分紧密,有意义上的主表关系。
例如:
It is necessary for you to learn from others.
你向别人学习是很有必要的。
此句中不定式的逻辑主语you与形容词necessary无主表关系,即不能说"You are necessary to learn from others " , 而可以说“To learn from others is necessary"/"For you to learn from others is necessary"。
又如:
It's impossible for anyone to learn English well without great efforts.(=For anyone to learn English well without great efforts is impossible.)
任何人不下苦功,是不可能学好英语的。
白案e to distinguish the twin sisters It’s hard for me to distinguish the twin sisters. (= For m
is hard.) 我很难区别这对孪生妹。
在有不定式of结构的句子中,作表语的形容词大都是表示人物特征的,如careless, clever, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, polite, selfish等。这些形容词与of后的名词(或代词)的关系十分密切,有意义上的主表关系。
例如:
It’s kind of you to do so. (= You are kind to do so.)
你这样做太好了。
It's wrong of you to borrow his dictionary without his permission. (= You are wrong
to borrow his dictionary without his permission.)
你没有得到他的允许就借用他的词典是不对的。
同时,这类形容词大多数也可指不定式行为的性质,也可用于带不定式for结构的句子中,但两种结构在意义上有所差别。
试比较以下两句:
It's foolish of you to buy that book.
It's foolish for you to buy that book.
上述第一句强调人的特征,of表示一种所属关系,foolish是you的所属特征,相当于
。
"You are foolish to buy that book",其意为“你真傻,竟买那本书".(强调的是“你傻”)第二句强调行为的性质for只表示一种范围相当于“For you to buy that book is foolish",意即“你买那本书是愚蠢的"。(强调“买那本书”这件事,而不是“你”。)
三.在不定式for结构中不定式的逻辑主语可以是人,也可以是无生命的事物,还可以是引导词there。
例如:
-Leninism.
It’s important for us to study Marxism
我们学习马列主义是重要的。
It is a pity for there to be any disagreement in the family.
家庭不和,实为遗憾。
而在不定式of结构中,不定式的逻辑主语只能是人或动物。例如:
It's really cruel of the capitalist to maltreat the child labourer.
小s女儿照片那资本家虐待那个童工,实在太残忍了。
It’s careless of me to mistake his umbrella for mine.
我真粗心,竟把他的伞当成我的了。
挂档四.不定式for结构作主语的句子,可以不用先行词it,而直接用不定式for结构做句子中的主语(见以上B),尽管这种用法比较少见;而不定式of结构则一般只用it 做形式主语,不能把不定式of结构提到句首做主语。
例如不可说:
* Of you to lose so much money is careless.
只可说:
It's careless of you to lose so much money.
You are careless to lose so much money.
你真粗心,丟了这么多钱。
也可以说:
To lose so much money is careless of you.
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