Chapter 7 Language, Culture and Society
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.
A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics
C. Applied linguistics D. General linguistics
2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________.
A. use of words B. use of structures
C. accent D. morphemes
3. __________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.
A. Regional variation B. Language variation
C. Social variation D. Register variation
4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.
A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics
C. Applied linguistics D. General linguistics
2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________.
A. use of words B. use of structures
C. accent D. morphemes
3. __________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.
A. Regional variation B. Language variation
C. Social variation D. Register variation
4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.
A. Geographical barriers
B. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speech
C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change
D. Social barriers
5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.
A. Language interference B. Language changes
C. Language planning D. Language transfer
6. _________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.
A. Regional variation B. Changes in emotions
C. Variation in connotations D. Stylistic variation
7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.
B. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speech
C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change
D. Social barriers
5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.
A. Language interference B. Language changes
C. Language planning D. Language transfer
6. _________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.
A. Regional variation B. Changes in emotions
C. Variation in connotations D. Stylistic variation
7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.
A. lingua franca B. register
C. Creole D. national language
8. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.
A. vernacular languagesB. creoles C. pidgins D. sociolects
9. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.
A. female; male B. male; female C. old; young D. young; old
10. A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.
A. slang B. euphemism C. jargon D. taboo
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a ho中国式关系演员表
C. Creole D. national language
8. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.
A. vernacular languagesB. creoles C. pidgins D. sociolects
9. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.
A. female; male B. male; female C. old; young D. young; old
10. A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.
A. slang B. euphemism C. jargon D. taboo
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a ho中国式关系演员表
mogeneous group of speakers.至上励合图片
12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.
13. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term “speech variety” can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.
14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.
15. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.
16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.
17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.
18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.
19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.
12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.
13. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term “speech variety” can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.
14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.
15. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.
16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.
17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.
18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.
19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.
20. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech __________.
22. Speech __________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.
23. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a __________ variety of a language.
24. Language standardization is also called language __________.
25. Social variation gives rise to __________ which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.
26. __________ variation in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situati幼儿玩具有哪些
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech __________.
22. Speech __________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.
23. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a __________ variety of a language.
24. Language standardization is also called language __________.
25. Social variation gives rise to __________ which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.
26. __________ variation in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situati幼儿玩具有哪些
on.
27. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or __________ language of a country.
28. The standard language is a __________, socially prestigious dialect of language.
29. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or __________ languages.
30. A pidgin typically lacks in __________ morphemes.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Lingua franca
32. Regional dialect
33. Register
34. Sociolinguistics
the following questions. (20%)
27. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or __________ language of a country.
28. The standard language is a __________, socially prestigious dialect of language.
29. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or __________ languages.
30. A pidgin typically lacks in __________ morphemes.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Lingua franca
32. Regional dialect
33. Register
34. Sociolinguistics
the following questions. (20%)
35. Is American English superior to African English? Why or why not? （中国人民大学，2003）
36. If we take it as rule that language is intimately related to culture, then how do the kinship words, such as uncle and aunt, reflect the cultural differences between English and Chinese? （东北师范大学，2004）
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
草木之中有一人37.Explain the differences between registers and regional/social dialects. Give examples if necessary. （东北师范大学，2005）
Key:
I. 1~5 BCAAC 6~10 DACAD
II. 11~15 FTFFF 16~20 TFTFF
III. 21. community 22. variety
23. dialectal 24.planning
25. sociolects 26. Stylistic
27. official 28. superposed
36. If we take it as rule that language is intimately related to culture, then how do the kinship words, such as uncle and aunt, reflect the cultural differences between English and Chinese? （东北师范大学，2004）
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
草木之中有一人37.Explain the differences between registers and regional/social dialects. Give examples if necessary. （东北师范大学，2005）
Key:
I. 1~5 BCAAC 6~10 DACAD
II. 11~15 FTFFF 16~20 TFTFF
III. 21. community 22. variety
23. dialectal 24.planning
25. sociolects 26. Stylistic
27. official 28. superposed
29. vernacular 30. inflectional
IV. 31. Lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a common speech for social contact among groups of people who speaks different native languages or dialects.
32. Regional dialect: Regional dialect, also social or class dialect, is a speech variety spoken by the members of a particular group or stratum of a speech community.
33. Register: Register, also situational dialect, refers to the language variety appropriate for use in particular speech situations on which degrees of formality depends.
34. Sociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the study of language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.
V. 35. American English is not superior to African English. As different branches of English, African English and American English are equal. Similar as they are, they are influenced by their respective cultural context and thus form respective systems of pronunciation, words and even grammar.
IV. 31. Lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a common speech for social contact among groups of people who speaks different native languages or dialects.
32. Regional dialect: Regional dialect, also social or class dialect, is a speech variety spoken by the members of a particular group or stratum of a speech community.
33. Register: Register, also situational dialect, refers to the language variety appropriate for use in particular speech situations on which degrees of formality depends.
34. Sociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the study of language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.
V. 35. American English is not superior to African English. As different branches of English, African English and American English are equal. Similar as they are, they are influenced by their respective cultural context and thus form respective systems of pronunciation, words and even grammar.
36.In China, Chinese has a more strict and complex relationship system. So in Chinese there are a lot more kinship words than in English.
VI. 37.
VI. 37.
第8章
1. 解释下列术语：
performative (施为句)
constative (表述句)
locutionary act (发话行为)
illocutionary act (行事行为)
perlocutionary act (取效行为)
cooperative principle (合作原则)
conversational implicature (会话含义)
entailment (衍推)
ostensive communication (明示交际)
communicative principle of relevance (交际关联原则)
relevance(as a comparative notion) (关联性)
我的位置定位 (Horn's) Q-principle (荷恩的Q原则)
R-principle (R原则)
division of pragmatic labour (语用劳动分工)
constraints on Horn scales (荷恩等级的约束)
2. 下面是父亲和女儿的对话，分析说明每句话中的行事语力。
[女儿走进厨房，拿着些爆米花]
Father: I thought you were practicing your violin.（我原以为你在练小提琴）
Daughter: I need to get the［violin］stand．（我要去拿琴谱架）
Father: Is it under the popcorn? （它在爆米花下面吗？）
3. 如果你问某人"Can you open the door （你能开开门吗？）"，他回答说"能"，却不去做，你会有什么反应？为什么？请用言语行为理论来解释一下。
4. 谣传美国当选总统比尔·克林顿要背弃他在总统选举中许下的一些诺言，1993年1月14日，克林顿就此答记者问。当被一些记者穷追不舍，陷入窘境的时候，他说了下面这段话：
I think it would be foolish for the President of the United States, for any President of the United States, not to respond to changing circumstances. Every President of the United States, as far as I know, and particularly those who have done a good job, have known how to respond to changing circumstances. It would clearly be foolish for a President of the United States to do otherwise.
（我认为对美国总统而言，对每一个美国总统而言，不针对环境的改变而作出反应是愚蠢的。就我所知，每个美国总统，尤其是那些干得很好的，知道怎样对环境的变化采取措施。作为一个美国总统不这样做显然是很愚蠢的。）
有些语言学家认为，竞选演讲，就像所有的政治演讲，都是CP原则及其准则被中止的典型场合，你同意吗？能否列举出其它类似的场合？
5. "The Club（车棍）"是一种阻塞汽车方向盘的装置能使其免遭偷窃。下面是它的一个广告：
THE CLUB！（车棍）
Anti－theft device for cars（反盗车贼的装置）
POLICE SAY：（警察说：）
"USE IT"（"用它"）
OR LOSE IT（否则失去它）
根据格莱斯的理论，这里利用了什么准则？请举出两个同样的汉语广告。
齐秦个人资料 6. A正在看报， B问他"What's on television tonight？（今天有什么电视节目？）"他回答说："Nothing（没有）。"在一般情况下，A是什么意思？出两种情况，使得"Nothing"的这种含义被取消。
2. I thought you were practicing your violin．（我原以为你在练小提琴）这句话的行事语力是批评女儿没有在练小提琴。女儿的回答是在为自己辩护--我正要练小提琴。而父亲的反问揭穿了女儿的托词。
3. 我会很生气"Can you open the door（你能开开门吗？）"通常是请求听话人做某事，而不是询问他的能力。他回答说"yes（能）"却不去做，实际上就是拒绝了我的请求。
4. 是的，这是CP原则及其准则被中止的场合。格莱斯在表述他的CP原则时，用了"normally（通常）""characteristically（典型情况下）"ceteris paribus（其余情况相同时）"等限制字眼。换句话说，CP原则及其准则并不是在所有情况下都会得到遵循的。或者说，"说话人相信他自己说的话"这样的假设只是会话含义。在有迹象显示相反情况时，这些含义会被取消。类似的情况有：葬礼上的悼词、诗歌创作、开玩笑。
3. 我会很生气"Can you open the door（你能开开门吗？）"通常是请求听话人做某事，而不是询问他的能力。他回答说"yes（能）"却不去做，实际上就是拒绝了我的请求。
4. 是的，这是CP原则及其准则被中止的场合。格莱斯在表述他的CP原则时，用了"normally（通常）""characteristically（典型情况下）"ceteris paribus（其余情况相同时）"等限制字眼。换句话说，CP原则及其准则并不是在所有情况下都会得到遵循的。或者说，"说话人相信他自己说的话"这样的假设只是会话含义。在有迹象显示相反情况时，这些含义会被取消。类似的情况有：葬礼上的悼词、诗歌创作、开玩笑。
5. 这里主要是利用了方式准则中的"避免歧义"一条。两个it的意思不同。汉语广告的例子如：买一送一；要想皮肤好，早晚用大宝。
6. 这里的 Nothing意思是"Nothing interesting（没什么有意思的东西）"。如果A接着说"今天工人在罢工"或"今天晚上要停电"，那么"Nothing interesting（没什么有意思的东西）"这个解读就会被取消。
6. 这里的 Nothing意思是"Nothing interesting（没什么有意思的东西）"。如果A接着说"今天工人在罢工"或"今天晚上要停电"，那么"Nothing interesting（没什么有意思的东西）"这个解读就会被取消。
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