China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (full text)
前言Foreword
全球气候变化及其不利影响是人类共同关心的问题。工业革命以来的人类活动，尤其是发达国家在工业化过程中大量消耗能源资源，导致大气中温室气体浓度增加，引起全球气候近50年来以变暖为主要特征的显著变化，对全球自然生态系统产生了明显影响，对人类社会的生存和发展带来严重挑战。
Global climate change and its adverse effects are a common concern of mankind. Ever since the industrial revolution, human activities, especially the massive consumption of energy and resources by developed countries in the process of industrialization, have increased the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, produced conspicuous impacts on the natural ecosystems of the Earth, and posed severe challenges to the survival and development of human society.
中国是一个发展中国家，人口众多、经济发展水平低、气候条件复杂、生态环境脆弱，易受气候变化的不利影响。气候变化对中国自然生态系统和经济社会发展带来了现实的威胁，主要体现在农牧业、林业、自然生态系统、水资源等领域以及沿海和生态脆弱地区，适应气候变化已成为中国的迫切任务。同时，中
国正处于经济快速发展阶段，面临着发展经济、消除贫困和减缓温室气体排放的多重压力，应对气候变化的形势严峻，任务繁重。
As a developing country with a large population, a relatively low level of economic development, a complex climate and a fragile co-environment, China is vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, which has brought substantial threats to the natural ecosystems as well as the economic and social development of the country. These threats are particularly pressing in the fields of agriculture and livestock breeding, forestry, natural ecosystems and water resources, and in coastal and eco-fragile zones. Therefore, China's priority task at present is to adapt itself to climate change. The multiple pressures of developing the economy, eliminating poverty and mitigating the emissions of greenhouse gases constitute difficulties for China in its efforts to cope with climate change, since the country is undergoing rapid economic development.
作为一个负责任的发展中国家，中国高度重视应对气候变化。中国充分认识应对气候变化的重要性和紧迫性，按照科学发展观的要求，统
筹考虑经济发展和生态建设、国内与国际、当前与长远，制定并实施应对气候变化国家方案，采取了一系列应对气候变化的政策和措施。中国把应对气候变化与实施可持续发展战略，加快建设资源节约型、
环境友好型社会，建设创新型国家结合起来，以发展经济为核心，以节约能源、优化能源结构、加强生态保护和建设为重点，以科技进步为支撑，努力控制和减缓温室气体排放，不断提高适应气候变化能力。
A responsible developing country, China sets great store by climate change issues. Fully aware of the importance and urgency of addressing climate change, following the requirements of the Scientific Outlook on Development, and taking into overall consideration of both economic development and ecological construction, domestic situation and international situation, and present and future, China has formulated and implemented a national plan for coping with climate change, and adopted a series of policies and measures in this regard. China combines the handling of climate change with its execution of its sustainable development strategy, acceleration of building a resource-conserving and environmental-friendly society and construction of a country of innovation. Taking economic development as the core objective, and placing emphasis on energy conservation, optimization of the energy mix, reinforcement of ecological protection and construction, and scientific and technological progress as backup, China strives to control and mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases and continuously enhance the capability of adapting itself to climate change.
中国积极参与国际社会应对气候变化进程，认真履行《联合国气候变化框架公约》（以下简称《气候
公约》）和《京都议定书》（以下简称《议定书》），在国际合作中发挥着积极的建设性作用。
China actively participates in worldwide efforts to address climate change, earnestly observes the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter referred to as the UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, and plays a constructive role in international cooperation in this regard.
一、气候变化与中国国情I. Climate Change and China's Situation
最新科学研究成果表明：全球地表平均温度近百年来（1906—2005年）升高了0.74℃，预计到21世纪末仍将上升1.1—6.4℃。20世纪中叶以来全球平均温度的升高，主要是由化石燃料燃烧和土地利用变化等人类活动排放的温室气体（主要包括二氧化碳、甲烷和氧化亚氮等）导致大气中温室气体浓度增加所引起的。
The latest scientific research findings show that the average temperature of the Earth's surface has increased by 0.74 degree Celsius over the past century, from 1906 to 2005, and is expected to further rise by 1.1 to 6.4 degrees Celsius by the end of the 21st century. The rise of global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is mainly caused by the increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, chiefly consisting of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, emitted as a result of human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes of land use.
中国的气候
中国气候变暖趋势与全球的总趋势基本一致。据中国气象局发布的最新观测结果显示，中国近百年来（1908—2007年）地表平均气温升高了1.1℃，自1986年以来经历了21个暖冬，2007年是自1951年有系统气象观测以来最暖的一年。近50年来中国降水分布格局发生了明显变化，西部和华南地区降水增加，而华北和东北大部分地区降水减少。高温、干旱、强降水等极端气候事件有频率增加、强度增大的趋势。夏季高温热浪增多，局部地区特别是华北地区干旱加剧，南方地区强降水增多，西部地区雪灾发生的几率增加。近30年来，中国沿海海表温度上升了0.9℃，沿海海平面上升了90毫米。
China's temperature rise has basically kept pace with global warming. The latest information released by the China Meteorological Administration shows that the average temperature of the Earth's surface in China has risen by 1.1 degrees Celsius over the past century, from 1908 to 2007, and that China experienced 21 warm winters from 1986 to 2007, the latter being the warmest year since the beginning of systematic meteorological observations in 1951. The national distribution of precipitation in the past half century has undergone marked changes, with increases in western and southern China and decreases in most parts of northern and northeastern China. Extreme climate phenomena, such as high temperatures, heavy precipitation and severe droughts, have increased in frequency and intensity. The number of heat waves in summer has grown, and droughts have grown worse in some areas, especially northern China; heavy precipitation has increased in southern China; and the occurre
nce of snow disasters has risen in western China. In China's coastal zones, the sea surface temperature and sea level have risen by 0.9 degree Celsius and 90 mm, respectively, over the past 30 years.
据科学家的研究，中国未来的气候变暖趋势将进一步加剧；极端天气气候事件发生频率可能增加；降水分布不均现象更加明显，强降水事
件发生频率增加；干旱区范围可能扩大；海平面上升趋势进一步加剧。Scientific research predicts that climate warming trend in China will further intensify; frequency of extreme climate events is likely to wax; uneven distribution of precipitation will be more visible than before and the occurrence of heavy precipitation will increase; drought will expand in scope; and the sea level will rise faster than ever.
中国的基本国情决定了中国在应对气候变化领域面临巨大挑战。The basic conditions of China present the country with great challenges in addressing issues regarding climate change.
——中国气候条件复杂，生态环境脆弱，适应任务艰巨。中国主要属于大陆性季风气候，大部分地区的气温季节变化幅度要比同纬度其他陆地地区相对剧烈，很多地方冬冷夏热，夏季全国普遍高温。中国降水时空分布不均，多集中在汛期，且地区分布不均衡，年降水量从东南沿海向西北内陆递减。中国生态环境比较脆弱，水土流失和荒漠化严重，森林覆盖率18.21%，仅相当于世界平均水平的62%。自然湿
地面积相对较少，草地大多是高寒草原和荒漠草原，北方温带草地受干旱、生态环境恶化等影响，正面临退化和沙化的危机。中国大陆海岸线长达1.8万多公里，易受海平面上升带来的不利影响。
A complex climate and a fragile eco-environment determine that China's task of adapting itself to climate change is arduous. China is characterized by a continental monsoon climate, and most parts of China have a wider range of seasonal temperature change compared with other continental areas at the same latitude. Many places in China are cold in winter and hot in summer, and high temperatures generally prevail in the country at large in summer. Precipitation is unevenly distributed in time and space, concentrating in the flood season, and annual precipitation decreases from the southeast coast to the northwest interior. China has a fragile eco-environment, with serious soil erosion and desertification and a forest coverage rate of 18.21 percent, only 62 percent of the world's average. The area of natural wetlands is comparatively small; most grasslands are highly frigid meadows and desert steppes; temperate grasslands in northern China are in danger of degeneration and desertification due to the impacts of drought and deterioration of the eco-environment. With a coastline over 18,000 km long, China is vulnerable to the adverse effects of sea level rises. ——中国人口众多，经济发展水平较低，发展任务艰巨。2007年底中国大陆人口（不包括香港、澳门、台湾）达到13.21亿，约占世界人
口总数的20%。中国城镇化水平比较低，2007年城镇化比例只有
44.9%，低于世界平均水平。庞大的人口基数，也使中国面临巨大的劳动力就业压力，每年有1000万以上新增城镇劳动力需要就业，同时随着城镇化进程的推进，目前每年有上千万的农村劳动力向城镇转移。据国际货币基金组织统计，2007年中国人均国内生产总值为2461美元，在181个国家和地区中位居第106位，仍为中下收入国家。中国区域经济发展不均衡，城乡居民之间的收入差距较大。中国仍然被贫困所困扰，目前全国农村没有解决温饱的贫困人口1479万人，刚刚越过温饱线但还不稳定的低收入人口有3000多万人。中国科技发展水平较低，自主创新能力弱。发展经济和改善人民生活水平是中国当前面临的紧迫任务。
A large population and a relatively low level of economy determine that China's development task is a formidable one. The population of the mainland of China reached 1.321 billion at the end of 2007, accounting for 20 percent of the world's total. China has a comparatively low level of urbanization, with an urbanization rate of 44.9 percent in 2007, lower than the world's average. The large population also brings huge employment pressure. New urban labor force entrants of 10 million and above need jobs every year; as the urbanization process moves forward, tens of millions of rural laborers transfer to the urban areas every year. Statistics from the International Monetary Fund show that the per-capita GDP (gross domestic product) of China in 2007 was 2,461 U.S. dollars, ranking 106th, a low-to-middle plac
e, among 181 countries and regions. China is characterized by unbalanced regional economic development and is still nagged by a large income gap between urban and rural residents. The country is still troubled by poverty, with an impoverished rural population of 14.79 million inadequately fed and clad. Those who just have enough to eat and wear and earn an unstable, low income number 30 million nationwide. Moreover, China has a relatively low level of science and technology and weak capacity of independent innovation. Developing the economy and improving people's lives are imperative tasks currently facing China.
——中国处于工业化发展阶段，能源结构以煤为主，控制温室气体排放任务艰巨。中国温室气体历史排放量很低，根据国际有关研究机构数据，1904—2004年中国化石燃料燃烧二氧化碳累计排放量约占世界同期的8%，人均累计排放量居世界第92位。2004年中国能源消费排放的二氧化碳排放量约为50.7亿吨。中国作为发展中国家，工业化、城市化、现代化进程远未实现，为进一步实现发展目标，未来能源需求将合
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