从英美交叉询问制度论我国民事庭审证言质证程序的完善   
 
                   
                    作者:安广泉
重庆天之合律师事务所律师
                      内容摘要
交叉询问制度是英美法系诉讼活动中,当事人双方在法庭上对各自传唤的证人进行盘问时所应遵循的一整套制度性规定,不管是刑事案件,还是民事案件,在通常的诉讼程序中,只要有证人出庭,都将进行对证人的交叉询问。与交叉询问密切相关的规则有证人强制出庭规则、传闻证据规则、诱导性询问规则等。
交叉询问制度起源于19世纪的英国,它是英美法系诉讼中的重要制度,被誉为“英美法系诉讼法上具有独特魅力的制度”。由于证人交叉询问制度符合现代司法理念,它一产生就对纠问式
的职权主义询问模式产生了极大的影响。一位英国最伟大的律师在长期的法庭辩护生涯后得出如下结论:“诉讼的争端极少取决于言谈,甚至很少受言谈的影响,但是没有任何一项诉讼的结果不是依赖辩护者法庭盘问的技巧的”。
英美法系与大陆法虽然在证人询问的方式上存在较大的差异,但却无法阻挡交叉询问制度对于大陆法系证人询问制度的影响。近年来,在我国民事诉讼庭审方式改革中,交叉询问制度作为“英美法系诉讼法上具有独特魅力的制度”以及庭审制度中最富有技术性,且最能体现司法民主和公正的制度,引起了我国民事诉讼法学界的极大关注,成为了我国民事诉讼法学研究的热点问题之一。
但是,就我国民事诉讼逐渐发展的抗辩式趋势来看,笔者认为不仅有必要从民事诉讼理论上深入的研究交叉询问制度及其相关的问题,而且还应当在我国的民事诉讼庭审活动中确立这一制度,同时要建立与其相应的其他配套性规则。本文就是基于上述目的,以英美法法系的交叉询问制度为切入点对我国民事庭审证言质证程序的完善进行有益的探索,希望能对我国的民事庭审证言质证程序的理论和实践提供些许参考。
全文除引言和结论外,具体分为五个部分:
第一部分论述了交叉询问制度的内涵及庭审质证的模式。在该章中首先对交叉询问制度的内涵进行了界定,并指出本文研究的交叉询问是制度层面上的,其包含主询问、反询问、再主询问、再反询问四个阶段,且包括与交叉询问配套的规则如诱导性询问规则、相关性规则、传闻证据排除规则、意见证据排除规则等,亦包括与交叉询问相配套的程序如证人出庭制度、证据开示制度等。
然后分别介绍了庭审质证的两种模式即大陆法系职权主义询问模式和英美交叉询问的证人证言质证模式,并就其各自的理论基础进行了分析。
第二部分探讨了交叉询问制度的程序及其适用规则。交叉询问程序部分,分别就交叉询问的程序交叉询问的主体、交叉询问的范围、交叉询问的顺序、交叉询问的询问方式进行了简要阐述;
在交叉询问的适用规则部分就诱导性询问禁止规则、传闻证据排除规则、意见证据排除规则、品格证据排除规则、相关性规则等规则进行了论述。
第三部分为交叉询问制度的配套程序。该章分为证人出庭制度和证据开示制度两个部分。在
证人出庭制度这一部分,论述了我国证人出庭作证的现状,并指出了我国司法实践中解决证人出庭率问题的误区,并提出了相应的解决方案。
在证据开示制度这一部分,论述了证据开示与交叉询问制度的重要关系,并指出了我国证据交换方式与外国证据开示制度的不同,并指出了我国的不足之处。
第四部分是对交叉询问的价值和功能分析。在该章中论述了交叉询问的价值并对交叉询问的功能进行了分析。在交叉询问的价值部分主要论及了交叉询问实现实体正义的外在价值、交叉询问保障程序正义的内在价值以及交叉询问的效益价值;
在交叉询问的功能分析部分首先就交叉询问主询问和反询问的基本功能进行了论述,然后论述了交叉询问充分发现真实功能和实现诉讼民主功能。并且,对交叉询问的局限性进行了理性的分析,为本文第五部分提出对我国建立交叉询问制度,完善民事庭审证言质证程序的构想奠定了基础。
第五部分是我国民事庭审证言质证程序的完善。在本章中首先论述了我国民事庭审证言质证程序确立交叉询问制度的现实困境即证人出庭率低下;法官主导型传统庭审询问方式的影响;
传闻证据规则、品格证据规则、诱导性询问等基本规则的缺失;询问中适用的技术性规则简易化;相关配套制度不健全的现状。
就我国民事庭审证言质证建立交叉询问制度的必要性、合理性进行了分析,并在就交叉询问的客观局限性进行了客观分析的基础上,提出对我国建立交叉询问制度,完善民事庭审证言质证程序的完善的建议:(1)确立证人强制出庭作证制度;(2)确立传闻证据排除规则、非法证据排除规则、意见证据排除规则;(3)适当地发挥法官的作用;(4)基于反询问的性质,在反询问中应当允许提出诱导性询问;(5)确立开放式的反询问的范围控制模式等。。
关键词:交叉询问  民事庭审  证言 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 庭审程序
 
 
 
 
 
 
Abstract
The Cross-Examination is a whole set of institutional stipulation, it is a series of rules that the litigant parties should observe in the court when they investigate the character witnesses who were called to the court. There are some stipulations related to the Cross-Examination, such as the witness forces to appear in court rule, the Hearsay Rule, and so on.
The Cross-Examination Rule originated from the UK in 19th century. It is a very important stipulation in the common law system. It is named as “a distinctive rule in the common procedure law system”. The Cross-Examination Rule conforms to the modern judicature idea, so it produces enormous influence to the inquisitorial procedure when it appeared. There is a big difference between the common law system and the civil law system in the w
ay of inquiring witness. But the difference can not resist the influence of the Cross-Examination Rule. In recent years, the Cross-Examination Rule aroused enormous attention in the reforming of the civil procedure court hearing, becoming one of the hot topics of the civil procedure.
But the civil procedure of our country is becoming a counterplead procedure. The author considered that we should study the Cross-Examination from the way of civil procedure, and establish its related other overcoat ability rules. This article is according to the above-mentioned purpose; use the Cross-Examination for the breakthrough point for exploring our country's civil procedure interpellation. I hope that this article can provide the trifle reference. This article is divided into five parts besides the introduction and the conclusion:
The first part introduced the content of the Cross-Examination and the pattern of the hearing questioning. In this part the author first definite the content of the Cross-Examination, then introduced the two patterns of the hearing questioning, namely the inquisitorial system and the witness testimony questioning witnesses pattern.
The second part discussed the Cross-Examination and the suitable rule. This part introduced the inquirer, scope, subsequence, fashion of the Cross-Examination and so on. In the part of the suitable regular, the author introduced the Rule of Prohibiting Inductive Inquire, the Hearsay Rule, the Opinion Testimony Rule and the Relevant Evidence Rule and so on.
The third part is the supporting procedure. This chapter divides into two parts: witness to appear in court system and the institution of evidence discovery. In the part of the witness to appear in court system, the author introduced the present situation of the witness to appear in court system in our country, and then introduced the question of the ratio and takes the solution. In the part of the institution of evidence discovery, the author introduced the relation of the Evidence Discovery and the Cross-Examination, and pointed out the insufficient of the way of the evidence submission in our country.