China Ancient Four Inventions
Compass, gunpowder, papermaking skill and typography, is China ancient four inventions, it is one of the signs that China become to the ancient civilized country, occupy the important position in the history of human civilization.
1. Compass
The invention of the compass is the result of China ancient working people know to the object magnetism in the long-term practice. Because of productive labor, people have contacted the magnetic iron ore, have begun to know the magnetic knowledge. People have found the characteristic of the magnet pointing to direction. Through experiment and research in many ways, invented the Compass at last.
The Compass give play to important function in the navigation after introducing to Europe.
2. Gunpowder
The gunpowder is made of niter, sulfur and charcoal three kinds of materials mixing. In Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty, when China ancient immortality pills expert make immortality pills with niter, sulfur and charcoal, etc., get enlightenment from the phenomenon of exploding accidentally, and then through numerous practices, have found the prescription of the gunpowder. In the Period of Three Kingdoms, a clever technician Jun Ma, invented “firecrackers”, Open the precedent that make use of the gunpowder.
In the Tang Dynasty, the gunpowder begins to be applied to the military affairs. People utilize the throwing stone machine, light the gunpowder bag and throw out, burn the enemy, this is the most primitive cannon. Later, people wrap up the globular gunpowder near the shaft head, light the line, then shoot with the bow to burn the enemy. During Song Dynasty, people filled the gunpowder in the thick bamboo tube, “an orientation stick behind the gunpowder, Light the line, cause the gunpowder burn in tube rapidly, fly to the enemy to explode. This is the first gunpowder rocket in the world. All these ones are firearm primitively. They are the ancestor of the modern arms.
3. Papermaking skill
The invention of papermaking skill is China’s contribution to the civilization of the world.
In Shang Dynasty more than 3500 years ago, there were characters carved on the tortoise-shell and beast’s bone in China, called the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells. In Chun and Qiu period, Substitute the tortoise-shell and beast’s bone with the bamboo slice and wood slice, is called the bamboo slip. The bamboo slip is very cumbersome. The palace nobles write on silks in the Western Han Dynasty. The silks are easy to write, but the price is expensive, so, just the Royal noble can use it. In the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 105), the papermaking skill inventor Lun Cai is on the basis of that forefathers weave silks experience, Have made into the vegetable fiber paper with bark, broken fishing network, rag, etc. raw materials. From then on, paper become to the material that generally write.
4. Typography
The typography is one of the most important four inventions in ancient China. The woodblock printing appear in Sui dynasty, it is that carve protruding Backward Chinese character on woodblock with knife, then brush Chinese ink-liquid, print on the paper. Print a
kind of new book each time, the woodblock must be carved from the beginning, very slow. When carve woodblock if make mistakes, also carve one again, very bother.
In Sung Dynasty, word worker Bi Sheng (A.D. 1004 —— 1048), Use the clay with viscidity, make into the rectangle cube, carve the single Chinese characters on it, burn it with the fire, form the font. Then according to the article content, arrange the word, put it in iron frame sample and make into a printing plate, and then heats and flattens on the fire, can print. Take the font off after printing, can use next time. The printing skill is named the typography.
Though this printing method is primitive and simple, the same as modern typesetting and printing principle, the invention of typography makes the printing technology enter a new era.
In a word, China ancient four inventions, has left behind a magnificent chapter in the history of human science and culture. These great inventions once influenced and benefited the whole world, had promoted the advancing of human history.
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