•经验交流•症状性腰椎管硬膜外脂肪增多症的诊断
顾仕荣,张明,陈斌辉,桑裴铭,方海名
(宁波市医疗中心李惠利医院骨科,浙江宁波315000)
【摘要】目的:探讨症状性腰椎管硬膜外脂肪增多症的诊断与手术的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2012年
2月至2018年11月进行压迫节段的半椎板切除椎间融合内固定术的19例症状性腰椎管内硬膜外脂肪增多症
患者的临床资料,其中男7例,女12例;年龄48~72(57.6±1.2冤岁;病程6~60(18.6±5.1)个月曰减压平面:L q^-L s S]平面
4例,L2,3-L4,s平面5例丄3,4-L4,5平面2例丄3,4-^1平面6例丄4,5」$平面2例遥分别于术前、术后6个月采用视觉模
拟疼痛评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)评价腿疼和腰疼的缓解程度,采用Oswestry功能障碍指数评分(Oswestry Dis-abilityIndex,ODI)评价功能恢复情况,并采用Fischgrund标准判定总体疗效遥结果:所有患者获随访,随访时间12~37
(16.3±3.8)个月遥19例患者均顺利完成手术,椎管內压迫节段脂肪组织全部摘除遥手术时间125〜260(186±15)min,出
血量150~500(280±46)ml遥2例患者出现部分切口脂肪液化渗液不愈,经切口撑开去除积液后积极换药抗炎处理后愈
合遥所有患者无马尾神经损伤、脑脊液漏、钉棒断裂等并发症。术前腰痛、腿疼VAS评分分别为(5.3±0.7)、(6.8±0.8)分,
术后6个月分别为(2.1±0.4)、(2.3±0.5冤分,术后6个月与术前比较差异有统计学意义(><0.05)遥术后6个月ODI评分
李惠利
(12.1±2.3)分较术前(45.5±2.8)分明显改善(><0.05)遥根据Fischgrund标准,本组优13例,良4例,可2例遥结论:症状
性腰椎管硬膜外脂肪增多症患者进行压迫节段的半椎板切除椎间融合內固定手术,可解除硬脊膜及马尾
神经的压迫,
术后能取得较好的临床疗效遥
【关键词】椎管;硬膜;骨折固定术,內
中图分类号:R744.2
DOI:10.12200/j.issn.l003-0034.2021.05.012开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):匚.
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of symptomatic lumbar spinal epidural liposis GU Shi・rong,ZHANG Ming,CHEN
月in-hui,S粤晕G>^i・ming,and云粤晕G Hamming.Department o枣Orthopaedics,晕ingbo Medico/Treatment Centre Li Hui/i Hos-
pita/,晕ingbo315000,Zhe/iang,China
ABSTRACT Objective:To explore diagnosis and surgical treatment of symptomatic lumbar spinal epidural lipoplasia. Methods:A retrospective analysis of19patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal epid
ural hyperplasia treated with hemil­aminectomy and interbody fusion and internal fixation from February2012to November2018were performed袁including7
males and12females袁aged from48to72years old with an average of(57.6±1.2)years old;the course of disease ranged from
6to60months with an average of(18.6±5.1)months;plane requiring decompression:L2,3-L5S i on4cases,L2,3-L4,5on5cas-
es,L3,4-L4,5on2cases,L3,4-L5S i on6cases,L4,5-L5S i on2cases.Visual analogue scale(VAS)before operation and6months
after opertaion were used to evaluate relief of leg pain and back pain,Oswestry Disability Index(ODI)was used to evaluate re­
covery of functiona,and Fischgrund was used to assess overall efficacy.Results:All patients were followed up from12to37 months with an average of(16.3±3.8)months.Ninteen patients were successfully completed operation袁and all adipose tissues
in the compressed segment of the spinal canal were removed.Operation time was from125to260min wi
th an average of(186±
15)min,and blood bleeding was from150to500ml with an average of(280±46)ml.Two patients occurred partial incision fat liquefaction and exudate did not heal袁the incision was opened to remove effusion,the dressing was changed and anti-inflam­
matory treatments were performed.No complications such as cauda equina injury,cerebrospinal fluid leakage,and broken nails occurred.Preopertaive VAS of back pain and leg pain were5.3±0.7and6.8±0.8,respectively袁while2.1±0.4and2.3±0.5re­spectively at6months after opertaion,there were statistical significant difference between6months after operation and before operation(>0.05).Postoperative ODI score at6months was12.1±2.3袁and significantly improved than that of before opera­
tion45.5±2.8(>0.05).According to Fischgrund criteria,13patients got excellent result,4good,and2fair.Conclusion:Pa­
tients with symptomatic lumbar spinal epidural lipoplasia undergo hemilaminectomy and internal fixation of compression seg-
通讯作者:张明E-mail:*************
Corresponding author:ZHANG Ming E-mail:zmwxh@163
ment could relieve compression of dura mater and cauda equina,and fchieve good clinicfl results. KEYWORDS Spinal canal;Dura mater;Fracture fixjtion,internfl
椎管内脂肪充填硬膜外间隙中,是椎管内的重要成分,它给了硬膜囊足够的缓冲空间,但是当椎管内的脂肪过度沉积时,它也会压迫硬膜囊和脊髓从而引起脊髓的压迫症状。1975年Lee等⑴首次报道 了因肾移植术后服用大剂量泼尼松龙而引起椎管内硬膜外脂肪异常增多的病例。虽然椎管内硬膜外脂肪增多症(spinal epidurallipomatosis’SEL)是台种很罕见的疾病。但在脊柱外科临床工作中经常遇到,该病因与腰椎管狭窄症状相似而容易被漏诊,或对该病认识不足手术减压范围不够造成手术失败。近年来,许多学者对硬膜外脂肪增多症的诊疗也不断深入咱2]。其中症状性腰椎管内硬膜外脂肪增多症往往需要手术,其相关文献较少,本研究自2012年2月至2018年11月收治症状性腰椎管内硬膜外脂肪增多症患者19例行压迫节段的半椎板切除椎间融合内固定术,手术效果良好,现报告如下。
1临床资料
纳入标准:(1)腰椎管内硬膜外脂肪增多症,符合以下两点:①病史和体格检查有相应的脊髓压迫症状;②MRI检查结果显示硬膜外脂肪明显增多,呈连续的带状或梭带状,前后径>7mm以上,背侧硬膜囊受压狭窄或消失。(2)患者保守无效行手术。排除标准:符合任意一项即排除:(1)腰椎管内动静
脉畸形。(2)椎管内肿瘤。(3)退行性腰椎管狭窄。
(4)因其他疾病死亡及失访的患者。
本组19例,男7例,女12例;年龄48~72(57.6±1.2)岁;病程6~60(18.6±5.1)个月;减压平面:L2,3—L5S14例,L2,3—L4,55例,L3,4—L4,52例,L3,4原L5S16例,L4,5—L5S2例。6例患者单侧肢体疼痛,其中3例伴间歇性跛行;13例患者双下肢疼痛,其中9例伴有间歇性跛行,4例患者下肢肌力下降,2例患者出现泌尿功能障碍。
2方法
2.1手术方法
全身麻醉后,取俯卧位,常规腰背部消毒铺巾,取腰椎棘突为中心,取正中纵行切口,逐层切开皮肤、筋膜,一侧肌间隙入路暴露关节突,减压侧沿椎板剥离骶棘肌至关节突,暴露清楚椎弓根入钉点后,应用椎弓根螺钉置钉技术,行开口、钻孔、测深、双侧椎弓根置入合适长度椎弓根螺钉,减压侧应用咬骨钳及骨凿切除半椎板及内侧上关节突,小型咬骨钳或磨钻去除椎管顶部部分骨质扩大椎管至穹窿状,手术尽可能扩大椎管及神经根骨性容积,切除肥厚黄韧带,暴露脊髓及脂肪组织,小心剥离椎管内脂肪组织至硬脊膜完整暴露,减压侧切除椎间盘,铰刀处理上下终板,刮除残留髓核后对侧椎间隙植入碎骨块
后置入合适大小融合器。9例L2,3平面患者单纯行半椎板减压清除椎管内黄韧带及脂肪组织,未置钉及融合,开窗时皆保留关节突部分完整。安装钉棒系统,彻底止血清洗术野后逐层关闭切口,皮下置入橡皮引流管1根,术毕。
2.2术后处理
术后患者取平卧位,适当糖皮质激素及营养神经止痛处理,静滴抗生素12h,术后2~3d视引流量(24h<50ml)拔除引流管,拔管后下床活动,术后佩戴腰2个月,术后6周进行腰背肌锻炼。
3结果
3.1疗效评价标准
分别于术前,术后6个月采用视觉模拟疼痛评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)B],Oswestry功能障碍指数评分(Oswestry Disability Index,0DI尸]。总体疗效评价采用Fischgrund等咱5]标准判定:优,腰腿痛症状完全或基本消失,日常生活不受影响;良,术后症状明显改善,偶有腰腿痛及麻木,日常生活不受影响;可,术后症状有改善,间歇性发作腰腿痛或有下肢麻木,日常生活受影响;差,术后症状无改善或者又复发至术前状态,日常活动明显受限。
3.2结果
所有患者获得随访,时间12~37(16.3±3.8)个月。19例患者均顺利完成手术,椎管内压迫节段脂肪组织全部摘除。手术时间125~260(186±15)min,出血量150~500(280±46)ml。2例患者出现部分切口脂肪液化渗液不愈,经切口撑开去除积液后积极换药抗炎处理后愈合。所有患者无马尾神经损伤、脑脊液漏、钉棒断裂等并发症。术后6个月腰痛、腿痛VAS评分分别为(2.1±0.4)分、(2.3±0.5)分较术前(5.3±0.7)分、(6.8±0.8)分明显降低(《0.05)。术后6个月0DI评分(12.1±2.3)分较术前(45.5±2.8)分明显改善(P<0.05)。见表1。术后6个月根据Fischgrund 标准判定疗效评价:优13例,良4例,可2例。典型病例图片见图1遥
4讨论
4.1腰椎管内硬膜外脂肪增多症患者的诊断及手术的时机
本研究19例患者中8例有长期激素摄入病史,13例肥胖患者,1例患者有椎管内封闭病史。腰椎管内硬膜外脂肪增多症的发病往往认为与肥胖和激素的长期摄入有关,同时椎管内注射激素病史与
图1患者,女,72岁,腰椎椎管内脂肪增多症la.术前MRI矢状位示L2-S1椎管内脂肪增多,硬膜囊和马尾神经受压明显lb.术前MRI冠状位示硬膜囊脂肪压迫明显,典型星形征lc.术后1周病理提示椎管内脂肪组织(HEx100)1d.术后2个月MRI矢状位示L2-S,椎管内硬膜囊和马尾神经受压改善1e,If.术后6个月正侧位X线片示内固定位置好,未见松动及断裂
Fig.1Female,72years old,lumbar spinal epidural liposis1a.Preoperative MRI on sagittal view showed L2—S1increased fat in spinal canal-and dural sac and cauda equina were compressed significantly1b.Preoperative MRI on coronal position showed obvious dural sac fat compression with typical star signs1c.Postoperative pathology picture at1week showed fat tissue in spinal canal(HE X100)1d.Postoperative MRI on sagittal view at2months showed L2—S1plane compression of dural sac and cauda equina in spinal canal was improved1e,1f.Postoperative AP and lateral X-rays showed good fixtaion of internal fixation without loosening and breaking
表1腰椎管内脂肪增多症19例患者术前及术后6个月
VAS评分及ODI评分(軃s,分)
Tab.1Preoperative and postopertaive VAS and ODI score at6months of19patients with lumbar intraspinal lipoplasty
(軃s-score)
时间腰痛VAS腿痛VAS0DI评分
术前  5.3±0.7  6.8±0.845.5±2.8
术后6个月  2.1±0.4  2.3±0.5员2.员±2.3
t值员9.员92员.4349.43
P值<0.05<0.05<0.05
本疾病也有相关同。当临床上遇到肥胖及长期激素摄入的患者时-应注意此类疾病的鉴别,防止漏诊。MRI用于诊断硬膜外脂肪增多症具有较高的准确性[7],典型的MRI表现为在T1加权像上可见均匀高信号影,T2加权像上可见中等信号影。当硬膜外脂肪体积较大时,将严重压迫硬膜囊,在横断面MRI 上可出现典型的“Y”字征或星形征。
腰椎管内硬膜外脂肪增多症患者症状不明显或者稳定时,可采取保守-如减轻体重、激素减量、使用止痛药、卧床休息等。但对于有进行性神经症状或出现急性瘫痪或尿潴留的患者,应尽早考虑手术。本研究6例单侧肢体疼痛,员3例双下肢疼痛, 4例下肢肌力下降,2例出现泌尿功能障碍,术前VAS腰腿疼痛评分表明患者腰腿疼痛症状明显,0-DI评分较高严重影响工作生活,所有患者保守2~3个月失败,手术意愿强烈,表明腰椎管内硬膜外脂肪增多症患者出现明显症状时,保守效果不佳,需尽早手术。
4.2半椎板切除减压椎间融合内固定的效果及优缺点
大多数病例术式采取相应节段的全椎板减压、
脂肪切除术,手术效果较好咱8]。但本研究19例患者均行压迫节段的半椎板切除减压椎间融合内固定术,术中充分摘除脂肪组织,减压硬脊膜,术后随访腰腿痛VAS评分明显降低,0DI评分明显较术前改善,表明该术式能取得较好的效果。半椎板减压较全椎板减压的优势在于最大限度地保留了脊柱后方的稳定结构。后方韧带复合体由棘上韧带、棘间韧带、黄韧带及小关节囊组成,是脊柱后方张力性稳定结构,控制脊柱的屈曲、旋转等活动,是维持脊柱生物力学稳定的主要结构。同时,棘突、关节突、椎板等又是腰背肌重要的附着点,有利于其保持张力,发挥最佳效用遥该疾病往往需要多节段减压,全椎板减压后完全破坏后方稳定系统,内固定短期内能提供刚性稳定,但内源性稳定破坏,容易造成内固定的松动或断裂[9],术后6个月以上的随访均未发现内固定的松动及断裂,但远期效果尚需进一步随访。同时,半椎板减压节省了手术时间,减少破坏棘突椎板等结构后造成的出血,减少了棘突椎板等结构缺失形成的死腔,进一步减少了术后感染的风险,加速了患者的康复。半椎板较全椎板减压在手术视野上存在不足,不能像全椎板那样完全暴露硬脊膜后方整体情况,无法完全判断减压程度,术前须仔细阅片,明确减压区域,术中须仔细操作,减压时须用磨钻或较小咬骨钳处理椎管顶部骨质,形成穹窿状创面,能暴露对侧黄韧带为止,彻底清除椎管内的占位脂肪组织,使脊髓回弹好,避免造成较多残留减压不彻底而影响手术效果遥
4.3体会及疑惑
腰椎管内硬膜外脂肪增多症手术中的体会及疑惑:(1)腰椎管内硬膜外脂肪增多症患者往往较为肥胖,
腰背部脂肪层厚,同时减压范围大,手术创口较大,本研究2例患者出现术后脂肪液化,创口延迟愈合,术中注意避免电刀对脂肪层的过度使用,术后患者须监测炎症指标并通过加强换药观察切口愈合情况,一旦有感染迹象须积极抗炎。(2)部分患者处理长节段椎管内脂肪占位时,有些节段脂肪压迫程度与影像学并不一致,取出的脂肪组织较少,硬脊膜压迫并不明显,减压平面范围的选择须慎重,术前须仔细研究,必要时行MRI的多层扫描,避免过度减压,减少患者的创伤。(3)本研究患者均行半椎板切除椎间融合内固定术,患者是否只行减压,在保证脊柱的稳定性的前提下不行融合手术,减少患者的创伤,内镜手术在该疾病的应用是否可行,需要进一步的研究和探讨。
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(收稿日期:2021-01-10本文编辑:李宜)