LessonOneAnditisanactivityonlyofhumans.Andconversationisanactivityfoundonlyamonghumanbeings.Conversationisnotformakingapoint.Conversationisnotforpersuadingotherstoacceptourideasorpointsofviews.Infact,thebestconversationalistsarethosewhoarepreparedtolose.Infact,peoplewhoaregoodatconversationwillnotarguetowinorforceotherstoaccepthisideas.4.    Barfriendsarenotdeeplyinvolvedineachother    ’slives.Peoplewhomeeteachotherforadrinkinthebarofapubarenotclosefriendsfortheyarenotdeeplyabsorbedineachother    ’sprivatelives.5.    ....Theconversationcouldgoonwithoutanybodyknowingwhowasrightorwrong.Therearecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeef.Theseanimalsarecalledcattlewhentheyarealiveandfeedinthefields,butwhenwesitdownatthetabletoeat,wecalltheirmeetbeef.
7.    ThenewrulingclasshadbuiltaculturalbarrieragainsthimbybuildingtheirFrenchagainsthisownlanguage.
ThenewrulingclassbyusingFrenchinsteadofEnglishmadeithardfortheEnglishtoacceptorabsorbthecultureoftherulers.Englishhadcomeroyallyintoitsown.EnglishreceivedproperrecognitionandwasusedbytheKingoncemore.Thephrasehasalwaysbeenusedalittlepejorativelyandevenfacetiouslybythelowerclasses.
Thephrase
,theKing’sEnglish
,hasalwaysbeenuseddisrespectfully
andjokingly
bythelower
classes.(Theworkingpeopleoftenmocktheproperandformallanguageoftheeducatedpeople.)
10.
Therebellionagainstaculturaldominanceisstillthere.
Astheearly
Saxonpeasants,the
working
peoplestill
haveaspirit
ofoppositionto
forgetthecultural
authorityoftherulingclass.
11.
Thereisalwaysagreatdangerthat
“wordswillhardenintothingsforus.
“
Thereisalwaysagreatdanger,asCarlyleputit,thatwemightforgetthatwordsareonly
symbolsandtakethemforthingstheyaresupposedtorepresent.

Translation
a.    Howeverintricate    thewaysinwhichanimals    communicatewith    eachother,    they    donotindulgeinanythingthatdeservesthenameofconversation.
不管动物之间的交流方式多么复杂，它们不能参与到称得上是交谈的任何活动中。b.    Argumentmayoften    beapart    ofit,    butthepurposeoftheargumentisnotto    convince.    Thereisnowinninginconversation.争论会经常出现于交谈中，但争论的目的不是为了说服。交谈中没有胜负之说。PerhapsitisbecauseofmyupbringinginEnglishpubsthatIthinkbarconversationhasacharmofitsown.或许我从小就混迹于英国酒吧缘故，我认为酒吧里的闲聊别有韵味。Idonotrememberwhatmadeoneofourcompanionssayit---sheclearlyhadnotcomeinto
thebartosayit,itwasnotsomethingthatwaspressingonhermind---but
herremarkfell
quitenaturallyintothetalk.
我不记得是什么使得我的一个同伴说起它来的
---她显然不是来酒吧说这个的，这不是她事先想好的话题
----
但她的话相当自然地插入到了交谈中。
e.
Thereisalwaysresistanceinthe
lower
classes
toanyattempt
byanupperclass
to
laydown
rulesfor“Englishasitshouldbespoken.
〞
下层社会总会抵抗上层社会企图给“标准英语〞制定得规那么。
f.
Wordsarenotthemselvesareality
,butonly
representations
ofit,and
the
King’s
English,liketheAnglo-FrenchoftheNormans,isaclassrepresentationofreality.
词语本身并不是现实。正如诺曼底人讲的英格鲁
--法语一样，标准英语是一个阶层用来表达现实的形式。
Perhapsitisworthtryingtospeakit,butitshouldnotbelaiddownasanedict,andmadeimmunetochangefrombelow.或许试着去说它还是值得的，但是它不能被制定成法令，从而拒绝来自下层的变化。Thereisnoworseconversationalistthantheonewhopunctuateshiswordsashespeaksasifhewerewriting,orevenwhotriestousewordsasifhewerecomposingapieceofproseforprint.如果一个人说出的话就像写出来的文字，或者试图使用那些创作书面散文的文字，那么没有比这样的交谈者更糟糕的了。i.    When.Forsterwritesof    “thesinistercorridorofourage,    〞wesitupatthevividnessofthephrase,theforceandeventerrorintheimage.当.福斯特写到“我们这个时代的险恶长廊〞时，其用语之生动及由其所产生的生动有力，甚至可怖的形象苦令我们拍案叫绝。Therewouldhavebeennoconversationtheothereveningifwehadbeenabletosettleatoncethemeetingof    “theKing    ’sEnglish.    〞